KWIC index of Ken Shirriff's
www.righto.com Presentations
from 2016 through October 2019

non IBM 1401 code by Ed Thelen, Nov 1, 2019

There is even more on YouTube, search for Ken Shirriff
Collected Oct 31, 2019

Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day   1:   Power supplies and disk interface
on a vintage Xerox Alto: very slow at   1.5   hashes/second
Alto Mandelbrot drop runtime from   1   hour to 9 minutes
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto day   10:   New boards, running programs, mouse problems
mining on an Apollo Guidance Computer:   10.3   seconds per hash
IBM S/360 core memory: In the 1960s,   128   kilobytes weighed 610 pounds
1403, and why printers standardized on   132   columns
the card reader for a vintage IBM   1401   mainframe
a Christmas card on a vintage IBM   1401   mainframe
fixing the printer on a vintage IBM   1401   mainframe
that wouldn't print: Fixing an IBM   1401   mainframe from the 1960s
a 1960s mainframe: Fixing the IBM   1401's   core memory and power supply
Accounting machines, the IBM   1403,   and why printers standardized on 132 columns
Inside card sorters:   1920s   data processing with punched cards and relays
Glowing mercury thyratrons: inside a   1940s   Teletype switching power supply
  1950's   tax preparation: plugboard programming with an IBM 403 Accounting Machine
part II: Powering up and using a   1950s   key debouncer
An 8-tube module from a   1954   IBM mainframe examined: it's a key debouncer
Fixing an IBM 1401 mainframe from the   1960s  
A look at IBM S/360 core memory: In the   1960s,   128 kilobytes weighed 610 pounds
Repairing a   1960s-era   IBM keypunch: controlled by mechanical tabs and bars
Repairing a   1960s   mainframe: Fixing the IBM 1401's core memory and power supply
Repairing the card reader for a   1960s   mainframe: cams, relays and a clutch
precision op amps from a   1969   analog computer -
A   1970s   disk drive that wouldn't seek: getting our Xerox Alto running again
Xerox Alto: restoring the legendary   1970s   GUI computer
Looking inside a   1970s   PROM chip that stores data in microscopic fuses -
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day   2:   Repairing the display
Hands-on with the PocketBeagle: a $  25   Linux computer with lots of I/O pins
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day   3:   Inside the disk drive
Xerox Alto's   3   Mb/s Ethernet: Building a gateway with a BeagleBone
on an Apollo Guidance Computer: 10.  3   seconds per hash
Inside Intel's first product: the   3101   RAM chip held just 64 bits
A look at IBM S/  360   core memory: In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed 610 pounds
Iconic consoles of the IBM System/  360   mainframes, 55 years old
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day   4:   What's running on the system
plugboard programming with an IBM   403   Accounting Machine
IBM Computer" in a Twitter photo: a   405   Accounting Machine
cracking disk password protection on a   45   year old system
the revolutionary 8008 microprocessor,   45   years old
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox Alto day   5:   Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer
a vintage Xerox Alto: very slow at 1.  5   hashes/second
Reliable after   50   years: The Apollo Guidance Computer's switching power supplies -
of the IBM System/360 mainframes,   55   years old
Reverse engineering the popular   555   timer chip (CMOS version)
  555   timer teardown: inside the world's most popular IC
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox Alto day   6:   Fixed a chip, data read from disk
How I added   6   characters to Unicode (and you can too)
In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed   610   pounds
product: the 3101 RAM chip held just   64   bits
sequencing, compared with the Z-80 and   6502  
Restoring a Xerox Alto day   7:   experiments with disk and Ethernet emulators
Inside the   74181   ALU chip: die photos and reverse engineering
Inside the vintage   74181   ALU chip: how it works and why it's so strange
Reverse engineering the   76477   "Space Invaders" sound effect chip from die photos
Inside the   76477   Space Invaders sound effect chip: digital logic implemented with I2L
Restoring a vintage Xerox Alto day   8:   it boots!
An   8-tube   module from a 1954 IBM mainframe examined: it's a key debouncer
sequencing, compared with the Z-  80   and 6502
and analysis of the revolutionary   8008   microprocessor, 45 years old
the surprisingly advanced ALU of the   8008   microprocessor
Analyzing the vintage   8008   processor from die photos: its unusual counters
Inside the die of Intel's   8087   coprocessor chip, root of modern floating point
high-density ROM in Intel's   8087   floating point chip
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto day   9:   tracing a crash through software and hardware
Mandelbrot drop runtime from 1 hour to   9   minutes
plugboard programming with an IBM 403   Accounting   Machine
  Accounting   machines, the IBM 1403, and why printers standardized on 132 columns
Computer" in a Twitter photo: a 405   Accounting   Machine
complexity inside Apple's power   adapter  
How I   added   6 characters to Unicode (and you can too)
Reverse-engineering the surprisingly   advanced   ALU of the 8008 microprocessor
Reliable   after   50 years: The Apollo Guidance Computer's switching power supplies -
seek: getting our Xerox Alto running   again  
Decoding an   air   conditioner control's checksum with differential cryptanalysis
Ethernet board from a vintage Xerox   Alto  
a fractal on the vintage Xerox   Alto  
Steve Jobs, the Xerox   Alto,   and computer typography
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox   Alto,   day 1: Power supplies and disk interface
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox   Alto,   day 2: Repairing the display
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox   Alto,   day 3: Inside the disk drive
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox   Alto,   day 4: What's running on the system
Restoring YC's Xerox   Alto:   how our boot disk was trashed with random data
Y Combinator's Xerox   Alto:   restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer
The Xerox   Alto,   Smalltalk, and rewriting a running GUI
Bitcoin mining on a vintage Xerox   Alto:   very slow at 1.5 hashes/second
Restoring YC's Xerox   Alto   day 10: New boards, running programs, mouse problems
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox   Alto   day 5: Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox   Alto   day 6: Fixed a chip, data read from disk
Restoring a Xerox   Alto   day 7: experiments with disk and Ethernet emulators
Restoring a vintage Xerox   Alto   day 8: it boots!
Restoring YC's Xerox   Alto   day 9: tracing a crash through software and hardware
Improvements to the Xerox   Alto   Mandelbrot drop runtime from 1 hour to 9 minutes
that wouldn't seek: getting our Xerox   Alto   running again
Xerox   Alto's   3 Mb/s Ethernet: Building a gateway with a BeagleBone
Inside the vintage Xerox   Alto's   display, a tiny lightbulb keeps it working
in the BCPL language on the Xerox   Alto   simulator
Simulating a Xerox   Alto   with the ContrAlto simulator: games and Smalltalk
Xerox   Alto   zero-day: cracking disk password protection on a 45 year old system
Inside the 74181   ALU   chip: die photos and reverse engineering
Inside the vintage 74181   ALU   chip: how it works and why it's so strange
the surprisingly advanced   ALU   of the 8008 microprocessor
photos and analysis of the LM108 op   amp  
Moon: Reverse-engineering a hybrid op   amp   module
Op   amp   on the Moon: Reverse-engineering a hybrid op amp module
Silicon die analysis: inside an op   amp   with interesting "butterfly" transistors
Reverse-engineering precision op   amps   from a 1969 analog computer -
built from NOR gates: inside the   Apollo   Guidance Computer -
  Apollo   Guidance Computer: Dipstiks and reverse engineering the core rope simulator -
Bitcoin mining on an   Apollo   Guidance Computer: 10.3 seconds per hash
Inside the   Apollo   Guidance Computer's core memory
Reliable after 50 years: The   Apollo   Guidance Computer's switching power supplies -
woven into wire: Core rope and the   Apollo   Guidance Computer
A dozen USB chargers in the lab:   Apple   is very good, but not quite the best
Teardown and exploration of   Apple's   Magsafe connector
The surprising complexity inside   Apple's   power adapter
Infrared Remote Library for the   Arduino  
Reverse engineering   ARM1   instruction sequencing, compared with the Z-80 and 6502
Conditional instructions in the   ARM1   processor, reverse engineered
reverse engineering the silicon in the   ARM1   processor
More   ARM1   processor reverse engineering: the priority encoder
Reverse engineering the   ARM1   processor's microinstructions
The   ARM1   processor's flags, reverse engineered
  Bad   relay: Fixing the card reader for a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
controlled by mechanical tabs and   bars  
RFID chip that runs San Francisco's "  Bay   to Breakers" race
"Hello world" in the   BCPL   language on the Xerox Alto simulator
How to run C programs on the   BeagleBone's   PRU microcontrollers
PRU tips: Understanding the   BeagleBone's   built-in microcontrollers
The   BeagleBone's   I/O pins: inside the software stack that makes them work
Ethernet: Building a gateway with a   BeagleBone  
cheap MacBook chargers create   big   sparks
  Bitcoin   mining on a vintage Xerox Alto: very slow at 1.5 hashes/second
  Bitcoin   mining on an Apollo Guidance Computer: 10.3 seconds per hash
the 3101 RAM chip held just 64   bits  
Counting   bits   in hardware: reverse engineering the silicon in the ARM1 processor
Two   bits   per transistor: high-density ROM in Intel's 8087 floating point chip
Fixing the Ethernet   board   from a vintage Xerox Alto
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto day 10: New   boards,   running programs, mouse problems
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto: how our   boot   disk was trashed with random data
a vintage Xerox Alto day 8: it   boots!  
chip that runs San Francisco's "Bay to   Breakers"   race
teardown: microcontroller, H   bridge,   and inductive charging
Xerox Alto's 3 Mb/s Ethernet:   Building   a gateway with a BeagleBone
A computer   built   from NOR gates: inside the Apollo Guidance Computer -
tips: Understanding the BeagleBone's   built-in   microcontrollers
a 1960s-era IBM keypunch: controlled   by   mechanical tabs and bars
How to run   C   programs on the BeagleBone's PRU microcontrollers
the card reader for a 1960s mainframe:   cams,   relays and a clutch
added 6 characters to Unicode (and you   can   too)
Creating a Christmas   card   on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
Bad relay: Fixing the   card   reader for a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
Repairing the   card   reader for a 1960s mainframe: cams, relays and a clutch
Inside   card   sorters: 1920s data processing with punched cards and relays
1920s data processing with punched   cards   and relays
How I added 6   characters   to Unicode (and you can too)
Counterfeit Macbook   charger   teardown: convincing outside but dangerous inside
Macbook   charger   teardown: The surprising complexity inside Apple's power adapter
Lacking safety features, cheap MacBook   chargers   create big sparks
A dozen USB   chargers   in the lab: Apple is very good, but not quite the best
H bridge, and inductive   charging  
Lacking safety features,   cheap   MacBook chargers create big sparks
Decoding an air conditioner control's   checksum   with differential cryptanalysis
ROM in Intel's 8087 floating point   chip  
engineering the popular 555 timer   chip   (CMOS version)
Xerox Alto day 6: Fixed a   chip,   data read from disk
Inside a RFID race timing   chip:   die photos of the Monza R6
Inside the 74181 ALU   chip:   die photos and reverse engineering
the 76477 Space Invaders sound effect   chip:   digital logic implemented with I2L
Inside the vintage 74181 ALU   chip:   how it works and why it's so strange
Examining a vintage RAM   chip,   I find a counterfeit with an entirely different die inside
the die of Intel's 8087 coprocessor   chip,   root of modern floating point
76477 "Space Invaders" sound effect   chip   from die photos
Intel's first product: the 3101 RAM   chip   held just 64 bits
Inside the tiny RFID   chip   that runs San Francisco's "Bay to Breakers" race
Looking inside a 1970s PROM   chip   that stores data in microscopic fuses -
Creating a   Christmas   card on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
a 1960s mainframe: cams, relays and a   clutch  
the popular 555 timer chip (  CMOS   version)
and why printers standardized on 132   columns  
Y   Combinator's   Xerox Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer
Restoring Y   Combinator's   Xerox Alto, day 1: Power supplies and disk interface
Restoring Y   Combinator's   Xerox Alto, day 2: Repairing the display
Restoring Y   Combinator's   Xerox Alto, day 3: Inside the disk drive
Restoring Y   Combinator's   Xerox Alto, day 4: What's running on the system
ARM1 instruction sequencing,   compared   with the Z-80 and 6502
charger teardown: The surprising   complexity   inside Apple's power adapter
NOR gates: inside the Apollo Guidance   Computer   -
precision op amps from a 1969 analog   computer   -
restoring the legendary 1970s GUI   computer  
Core rope and the Apollo Guidance   Computer  
Bitcoin mining on an Apollo Guidance   Computer:   10.3 seconds per hash
Apollo Guidance   Computer:   Dipstiks and reverse engineering the core rope simulator -
Identifying the "Early IBM   Computer"   in a Twitter photo: a 405 Accounting Machine
A   computer   built from NOR gates: inside the Apollo Guidance Computer -
How "special register groups" invaded   computer   dictionaries for decades
Inside the Apollo Guidance   Computer's   core memory
after 50 years: The Apollo Guidance   Computer's   switching power supplies -
Steve Jobs, the Xerox Alto, and   computer   typography
with the PocketBeagle: a $25 Linux   computer   with lots of I/O pins
  Conditional   instructions in the ARM1 processor, reverse engineered
Decoding an air   conditioner   control's checksum with differential cryptanalysis
Reading a VGA monitor's   configuration   data with I2C and a PocketBeagle
and exploration of Apple's Magsafe   connector  
Iconic   consoles   of the IBM System/360 mainframes, 55 years old
Simulating a Xerox Alto with the   ContrAlto   simulator: games and Smalltalk
Decoding an air conditioner   control's   checksum with differential cryptanalysis
Repairing a 1960s-era IBM keypunch:   controlled   by mechanical tabs and bars
Counterfeit Macbook charger teardown:   convincing   outside but dangerous inside
Inside the die of Intel's 8087   coprocessor   chip, root of modern floating point
A look at IBM S/360   core   memory: In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed 610 pounds
Inside the Apollo Guidance Computer's   core   memory
1960s mainframe: Fixing the IBM 1401's   core   memory and power supply
Software woven into wire:   Core   rope and the Apollo Guidance Computer
Dipstiks and reverse engineering the   core   rope simulator -
  Counterfeit   Macbook charger teardown: convincing outside but dangerous inside
Examining a vintage RAM chip, I find a   counterfeit   with an entirely different die inside
processor from die photos: its unusual   counters  
  Counting   bits in hardware: reverse engineering the silicon in the ARM1 processor
Xerox Alto zero-day:   cracking   disk password protection on a 45 year old system
YC's Xerox Alto day 9: tracing a   crash   through software and hardware
features, cheap MacBook chargers   create   big sparks
  Creating   a Christmas card on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
One-hour Mandelbrot:   Creating   a fractal on the vintage Xerox Alto
control's checksum with differential   cryptanalysis  
teardown: convincing outside but   dangerous   inside
our boot disk was trashed with random   data  
inside a 1970s PROM chip that stores   data   in microscopic fuses -
Inside card sorters: 1920s   data   processing with punched cards and relays
Xerox Alto day 6: Fixed a chip,   data   read from disk
Reading a VGA monitor's configuration   data   with I2C and a PocketBeagle
Xerox Alto zero-  day:   cracking disk password protection on a 45 year old system
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto,   day   1: Power supplies and disk interface
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto   day   10: New boards, running programs, mouse problems
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto,   day   2: Repairing the display
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto,   day   3: Inside the disk drive
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto,   day   4: What's running on the system
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox Alto   day   5: Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox Alto   day   6: Fixed a chip, data read from disk
Restoring a Xerox Alto   day   7: experiments with disk and Ethernet emulators
Restoring a vintage Xerox Alto   day   8: it boots!
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto   day   9: tracing a crash through software and hardware
IBM mainframe examined: it's a key   debouncer  
II: Powering up and using a 1950s key   debouncer  
invaded computer dictionaries for   decades  
  Decoding   an air conditioner control's checksum with differential cryptanalysis
Two bits per transistor: high-  density   ROM in Intel's 8087 floating point chip
register groups" invaded computer   dictionaries   for decades
Silicon   die   analysis: inside an op amp with interesting "butterfly" transistors
counterfeit with an entirely different   die   inside
Inside the   die   of Intel's 8087 coprocessor chip, root of modern floating point
the vintage 8008 processor from   die   photos: its unusual counters
  Die   photos and analysis of the revolutionary 8008 microprocessor, 45 years old
Inside a RFID race timing chip:   die   photos of the Monza R6
Inside the 74181 ALU chip:   die   photos and reverse engineering
Invaders" sound effect chip from   die   photos
Superbeta transistors inside:   Die   photos and analysis of the LM108 op amp
I find a counterfeit with an entirely   different   die inside
conditioner control's checksum with   differential   cryptanalysis
Space Invaders sound effect chip:   digital   logic implemented with I2L
Apollo Guidance Computer:   Dipstiks   and reverse engineering the core rope simulator -
day 6: Fixed a chip, data read from   disk  
a Xerox Alto day 7: experiments with   disk   and Ethernet emulators
A 1970s   disk   drive that wouldn't seek: getting our Xerox Alto running again
Xerox Alto, day 3: Inside the   disk   drive
Xerox Alto, day 1: Power supplies and   disk   interface
Xerox Alto zero-day: cracking   disk   password protection on a 45 year old system
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto: how our boot   disk   was trashed with random data
Xerox Alto, day 2: Repairing the   display  
Inside the vintage Xerox Alto's   display,   a tiny lightbulb keeps it working
A   dozen   USB chargers in the lab: Apple is very good, but not quite the best
Xerox Alto, day 3: Inside the disk   drive  
A 1970s disk   drive   that wouldn't seek: getting our Xerox Alto running again
to the Xerox Alto Mandelbrot   drop   runtime from 1 hour to 9 minutes
Identifying the "  Early   IBM Computer" in a Twitter photo: a 405 Accounting Machine
Inside the 76477 Space Invaders sound   effect   chip: digital logic implemented with I2L
the 76477 "Space Invaders" sound   effect   chip from die photos
7: experiments with disk and Ethernet   emulators  
reverse engineering: the priority   encoder  
in the ARM1 processor, reverse   engineered  
The ARM1 processor's flags, reverse   engineered  
Computer: Dipstiks and reverse   engineering   the core rope simulator -
Counting bits in hardware: reverse   engineering   the silicon in the ARM1 processor
74181 ALU chip: die photos and reverse   engineering  
More ARM1 processor reverse   engineering:   the priority encoder
Op amp on the Moon: Reverse-  engineering   a hybrid op amp module
Reverse-  engineering   precision op amps from a 1969 analog computer -
Reverse   engineering   the 76477 "Space Invaders" sound effect chip from die photos
Reverse   engineering   ARM1 instruction sequencing, compared with the Z-80 and 6502
Reverse   engineering   the ARM1 processor's microinstructions
Reverse   engineering   the popular 555 timer chip (CMOS version)
Reverse-  engineering   the surprisingly advanced ALU of the 8008 microprocessor
RAM chip, I find a counterfeit with an   entirely   different die inside
Repairing a 1960s-  era   IBM keypunch: controlled by mechanical tabs and bars
Xerox Alto's 3 Mb/s   Ethernet:   Building a gateway with a BeagleBone
Fixing the   Ethernet   board from a vintage Xerox Alto
Alto day 7: experiments with disk and   Ethernet   emulators
module from a 1954 IBM mainframe   examined:   it's a key debouncer
  Examining   a vintage RAM chip, I find a counterfeit with an entirely different die inside
Restoring a Xerox Alto day 7:   experiments   with disk and Ethernet emulators
Teardown and   exploration   of Apple's Magsafe connector
Lacking safety   features,   cheap MacBook chargers create big sparks
Examining a vintage RAM chip, I   find   a counterfeit with an entirely different die inside
Inside Intel's   first   product: the 3101 RAM chip held just 64 bits
YCombinator's Xerox Alto day 6:   Fixed   a chip, data read from disk
The printer that wouldn't print:   Fixing   an IBM 1401 mainframe from the 1960s
Bad relay:   Fixing   the card reader for a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
  Fixing   the Ethernet board from a vintage Xerox Alto
Hammer time:   fixing   the printer on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
Repairing a 1960s mainframe:   Fixing   the IBM 1401's core memory and power supply
Implementing   FizzBuzz   on an FPGA
Using an FPGA to generate raw VGA video:  FizzBuzz   with animation
The ARM1 processor's   flags,   reverse engineered
8087 coprocessor chip, root of modern   floating   point
high-density ROM in Intel's 8087   floating   point chip
Implementing FizzBuzz on an   FPGA  
Using an   FPGA   to generate raw VGA video:FizzBuzz with animation
One-hour Mandelbrot: Creating a   fractal   on the vintage Xerox Alto
Inside the tiny RFID chip that runs San   Francisco's   "Bay to Breakers" race
chip that stores data in microscopic   fuses   -
Alto with the ContrAlto simulator:   games   and Smalltalk
A computer built from NOR   gates:   inside the Apollo Guidance Computer -
Alto's 3 Mb/s Ethernet: Building a   gateway   with a BeagleBone
Using an FPGA to   generate   raw VGA video:FizzBuzz with animation
A 1970s disk drive that wouldn't seek:   getting   our Xerox Alto running again
  Glowing   mercury thyratrons: inside a 1940s Teletype switching power supply
How "special register   groups"   invaded computer dictionaries for decades
Smalltalk, and rewriting a running   GUI  
Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s   GUI   computer
from NOR gates: inside the Apollo   Guidance   Computer -
Apollo   Guidance   Computer: Dipstiks and reverse engineering the core rope simulator -
Bitcoin mining on an Apollo   Guidance   Computer: 10.3 seconds per hash
Inside the Apollo   Guidance   Computer's core memory
Reliable after 50 years: The Apollo   Guidance   Computer's switching power supplies -
into wire: Core rope and the Apollo   Guidance   Computer
toothbrush teardown: microcontroller,   H   bridge, and inductive charging
  Hammer   time: fixing the printer on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
  Hands-on   with the PocketBeagle: a $25 Linux computer with lots of I/O pins
tracing a crash through software and   hardware  
Counting bits in   hardware:   reverse engineering the silicon in the ARM1 processor
Guidance Computer: 10.3 seconds per   hash  
a vintage Xerox Alto: very slow at 1.5   hashes/second  
first product: the 3101 RAM chip   held   just 64 bits
"  Hello   world" in the BCPL language on the Xerox Alto simulator
Two bits per transistor:   high-density   ROM in Intel's 8087 floating point chip
One-  hour   Mandelbrot: Creating a fractal on the vintage Xerox Alto
Alto Mandelbrot drop runtime from 1   hour   to 9 minutes
  How   "special register groups" invaded computer dictionaries for decades
  How   I added 6 characters to Unicode (and you can too)
Inside the vintage 74181 ALU chip:   how   it works and why it's so strange
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto:   how   our boot disk was trashed with random data
  How   to run C programs on the BeagleBone's PRU microcontrollers
amp on the Moon: Reverse-engineering a   hybrid   op amp module
Steve   Jobs,   the Xerox Alto, and computer typography
first product: the 3101 RAM chip held   just   64 bits
Xerox Alto's display, a tiny lightbulb   keeps   it working
the Large Scale Systems Museum , New   Kensington,   PA -
a 1954 IBM mainframe examined: it's a   key   debouncer
part II: Powering up and using a 1950s   key   debouncer
Repairing a 1960s-era IBM   keypunch:   controlled by mechanical tabs and bars
S/360 core memory: In the 1960s, 128   kilobytes   weighed 610 pounds
A dozen USB chargers in the   lab:   Apple is very good, but not quite the best
  Lacking   safety features, cheap MacBook chargers create big sparks
"Hello world" in the BCPL   language   on the Xerox Alto simulator
A visit to the   Large   Scale Systems Museum , New Kensington, PA -
Combinator's Xerox Alto: restoring the   legendary   1970s GUI computer
A Multi-Protocol Infrared Remote   Library   for the Arduino
vintage Xerox Alto's display, a tiny   lightbulb   keeps it working
Risky   line   printer music on a vintage IBM mainframe -
Hands-on with the PocketBeagle: a $25   Linux   computer with lots of I/O pins
inside: Die photos and analysis of the   LM108   op amp
Alto day 5: Microcode tracing with a   logic   analyzer
Invaders sound effect chip: digital   logic   implemented with I2L
A   look   at IBM S/360 core memory: In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed 610 pounds
  Looking   inside a 1970s PROM chip that stores data in microscopic fuses -
a $25 Linux computer with   lots   of I/O pins
Counterfeit   Macbook   charger teardown: convincing outside but dangerous inside
Lacking safety features, cheap   MacBook   chargers create big sparks
  Macbook   charger teardown: The surprising complexity inside Apple's power adapter
programming with an IBM 403 Accounting   Machine  
in a Twitter photo: a 405 Accounting   Machine  
Accounting   machines,   the IBM 1403, and why printers standardized on 132 columns
Teardown and exploration of Apple's   Magsafe   connector
the card reader for a vintage IBM 1401   mainframe  
a Christmas card on a vintage IBM 1401   mainframe  
the printer on a vintage IBM 1401   mainframe  
Repairing a 1960s   mainframe:   Fixing the IBM 1401's core memory and power supply
line printer music on a vintage IBM   mainframe   -
Repairing the card reader for a 1960s   mainframe:   cams, relays and a clutch
An 8-tube module from a 1954 IBM   mainframe   examined: it's a key debouncer
wouldn't print: Fixing an IBM 1401   mainframe   from the 1960s
IBM   mainframe   tube module part II: Powering up and using a 1950s key debouncer
Iconic consoles of the IBM System/360   mainframes,   55 years old
pins: inside the software stack that   makes   them work
Improvements to the Xerox Alto   Mandelbrot   drop runtime from 1 hour to 9 minutes
One-hour   Mandelbrot:   Creating a fractal on the vintage Xerox Alto
Xerox Alto's 3   Mb/s   Ethernet: Building a gateway with a BeagleBone
1960s-era IBM keypunch: controlled by   mechanical   tabs and bars
the Apollo Guidance Computer's core   memory  
A look at IBM S/360 core   memory:   In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed 610 pounds
mainframe: Fixing the IBM 1401's core   memory   and power supply
Glowing   mercury   thyratrons: inside a 1940s Teletype switching power supply
YCombinator's Xerox Alto day 5:   Microcode   tracing with a logic analyzer
run C programs on the BeagleBone's PRU   microcontrollers  
the BeagleBone's built-in   microcontrollers  
Sonicare toothbrush teardown:   microcontroller,   H bridge, and inductive charging
engineering the ARM1 processor's   microinstructions  
and analysis of the revolutionary 8008   microprocessor,   45 years old
surprisingly advanced ALU of the 8008   microprocessor  
a 1970s PROM chip that stores data in   microscopic   fuses -
Bitcoin   mining   on a vintage Xerox Alto: very slow at 1.5 hashes/second
Bitcoin   mining   on an Apollo Guidance Computer: 10.3 seconds per hash
drop runtime from 1 hour to 9   minutes  
Intel's 8087 coprocessor chip, root of   modern   floating point
Reverse-engineering a hybrid op amp   module  
An 8-tube   module   from a 1954 IBM mainframe examined: it's a key debouncer
IBM mainframe tube   module   part II: Powering up and using a 1950s key debouncer
Reading a VGA   monitor's   configuration data with I2C and a PocketBeagle
race timing chip: die photos of the   Monza   R6
Op amp on the   Moon:   Reverse-engineering a hybrid op amp module
  More   ARM1 processor reverse engineering: the priority encoder
555 timer teardown: inside the world's   most   popular IC
day 10: New boards, running programs,   mouse   problems
A   Multi-Protocol   Infrared Remote Library for the Arduino
A visit to the Large Scale Systems   Museum   , New Kensington, PA -
Risky line printer   music   on a vintage IBM mainframe -
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto day 10:   New   boards, running programs, mouse problems
to the Large Scale Systems Museum ,   New   Kensington, PA -
A computer built from   NOR   gates: inside the Apollo Guidance Computer -
a $25 Linux computer with lots of I/  O   pins
The BeagleBone's I/  O   pins: inside the software stack that makes them work
8008 microprocessor, 45 years   old  
IBM System/360 mainframes, 55 years   old  
disk password protection on a 45 year   old   system
Die photos and analysis of the LM108   op   amp
the Moon: Reverse-engineering a hybrid   op   amp module
  Op   amp on the Moon: Reverse-engineering a hybrid op amp module
Silicon die analysis: inside an   op   amp with interesting "butterfly" transistors
Reverse-engineering precision   op   amps from a 1969 analog computer -
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto: how   our   boot disk was trashed with random data
disk drive that wouldn't seek: getting   our   Xerox Alto running again
Macbook charger teardown: convincing   outside   but dangerous inside
Scale Systems Museum , New Kensington,   PA   -
IBM mainframe tube module   part   II: Powering up and using a 1950s key debouncer
Xerox Alto zero-day: cracking disk   password   protection on a 45 year old system
Apollo Guidance Computer: 10.3 seconds   per   hash
Two bits   per   transistor: high-density ROM in Intel's 8087 floating point chip
the "Early IBM Computer" in a Twitter   photo:   a 405 Accounting Machine
Invaders" sound effect chip from die   photos  
the vintage 8008 processor from die   photos:   its unusual counters
Die   photos   and analysis of the revolutionary 8008 microprocessor, 45 years old
Inside the 74181 ALU chip: die   photos   and reverse engineering
Superbeta transistors inside: Die   photos   and analysis of the LM108 op amp
Inside a RFID race timing chip: die   photos   of the Monza R6
a $25 Linux computer with lots of I/O   pins  
The BeagleBone's I/O   pins:   inside the software stack that makes them work
1950's tax preparation:   plugboard   programming with an IBM 403 Accounting Machine
Hands-on with the   PocketBeagle:   a $25 Linux computer with lots of I/O pins
configuration data with I2C and a   PocketBeagle  
chip, root of modern floating   point  
ROM in Intel's 8087 floating   point   chip
Reverse engineering the   popular   555 timer chip (CMOS version)
teardown: inside the world's most   popular   IC
the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed 610   pounds  
surprising complexity inside Apple's   power   adapter
inside a 1940s Teletype switching   power   supply
Fixing the IBM 1401's core memory and   power   supply
Apollo Guidance Computer's switching   power   supplies -
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 1:   Power   supplies and disk interface
IBM mainframe tube module part II:   Powering   up and using a 1950s key debouncer
Reverse-engineering   precision   op amps from a 1969 analog computer -
1950's tax   preparation:   plugboard programming with an IBM 403 Accounting Machine
The printer that wouldn't   print:   Fixing an IBM 1401 mainframe from the 1960s
Risky line   printer   music on a vintage IBM mainframe -
Hammer time: fixing the   printer   on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
The   printer   that wouldn't print: Fixing an IBM 1401 mainframe from the 1960s
machines, the IBM 1403, and why   printers   standardized on 132 columns
processor reverse engineering: the   priority   encoder
New boards, running programs, mouse   problems  
Inside card sorters: 1920s data   processing   with punched cards and relays
Conditional instructions in the ARM1   processor,   reverse engineered
engineering the silicon in the ARM1   processor  
Analyzing the vintage 8008   processor   from die photos: its unusual counters
More ARM1   processor   reverse engineering: the priority encoder
Reverse engineering the ARM1   processor's   microinstructions
The ARM1   processor's   flags, reverse engineered
Inside Intel's first   product:   the 3101 RAM chip held just 64 bits
1950's tax preparation: plugboard   programming   with an IBM 403 Accounting Machine
Xerox Alto day 10: New boards, running   programs,   mouse problems
How to run C   programs   on the BeagleBone's PRU microcontrollers
Looking inside a 1970s   PROM   chip that stores data in microscopic fuses -
Alto zero-day: cracking disk password   protection   on a 45 year old system
A Multi-  Protocol   Infrared Remote Library for the Arduino
to run C programs on the BeagleBone's   PRU   microcontrollers
  PRU   tips: Understanding the BeagleBone's built-in microcontrollers
sorters: 1920s data processing with   punched   cards and relays
the lab: Apple is very good, but not   quite   the best
timing chip: die photos of the Monza   R6  
runs San Francisco's "Bay to Breakers"   race  
Inside a RFID   race   timing chip: die photos of the Monza R6
Examining a vintage   RAM   chip, I find a counterfeit with an entirely different die inside
Inside Intel's first product: the 3101   RAM   chip held just 64 bits
how our boot disk was trashed with   random   data
Using an FPGA to generate   raw   VGA video:FizzBuzz with animation
Xerox Alto day 6: Fixed a chip, data   read   from disk
Bad relay: Fixing the card   reader   for a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
Repairing the card   reader   for a 1960s mainframe: cams, relays and a clutch
  Reading   a VGA monitor's configuration data with I2C and a PocketBeagle
How "special   register   groups" invaded computer dictionaries for decades
Bad   relay:   Fixing the card reader for a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
data processing with punched cards and   relays  
reader for a 1960s mainframe: cams,   relays   and a clutch
  Reliable   after 50 years: The Apollo Guidance Computer's switching power supplies -
A Multi-Protocol Infrared   Remote   Library for the Arduino
  Repairing   a 1960s mainframe: Fixing the IBM 1401's core memory and power supply
  Repairing   a 1960s-era IBM keypunch: controlled by mechanical tabs and bars
  Repairing   the card reader for a 1960s mainframe: cams, relays and a clutch
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 2:   Repairing   the display
  Restoring   a vintage Xerox Alto day 8: it boots!
  Restoring   a Xerox Alto day 7: experiments with disk and Ethernet emulators
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto:   restoring   the legendary 1970s GUI computer
  Restoring   Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 1: Power supplies and disk interface
  Restoring   Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 2: Repairing the display
  Restoring   Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 3: Inside the disk drive
  Restoring   Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 4: What's running on the system
  Restoring   YCombinator's Xerox Alto day 5: Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer
  Restoring   YCombinator's Xerox Alto day 6: Fixed a chip, data read from disk
  Restoring   YC's Xerox Alto day 10: New boards, running programs, mouse problems
  Restoring   YC's Xerox Alto day 9: tracing a crash through software and hardware
  Restoring   YC's Xerox Alto: how our boot disk was trashed with random data
Apollo Guidance Computer: Dipstiks and   reverse   engineering the core rope simulator -
instructions in the ARM1 processor,   reverse   engineered
Counting bits in hardware:   reverse   engineering the silicon in the ARM1 processor
the 74181 ALU chip: die photos and   reverse   engineering
More ARM1 processor   reverse   engineering: the priority encoder
Op amp on the Moon:   Reverse-engineering   a hybrid op amp module
  Reverse-engineering   precision op amps from a 1969 analog computer -
  Reverse   engineering the 76477 "Space Invaders" sound effect chip from die photos
  Reverse   engineering ARM1 instruction sequencing, compared with the Z-80 and 6502
  Reverse   engineering the ARM1 processor's microinstructions
  Reverse   engineering the popular 555 timer chip (CMOS version)
  Reverse-engineering   the surprisingly advanced ALU of the 8008 microprocessor
The ARM1 processor's flags,   reverse   engineered
Die photos and analysis of the   revolutionary   8008 microprocessor, 45 years old
The Xerox Alto, Smalltalk, and   rewriting   a running GUI
Inside the tiny   RFID   chip that runs San Francisco's "Bay to Breakers" race
Inside a   RFID   race timing chip: die photos of the Monza R6
  Risky   line printer music on a vintage IBM mainframe -
Two bits per transistor: high-density   ROM   in Intel's 8087 floating point chip
die of Intel's 8087 coprocessor chip,   root   of modern floating point
Software woven into wire: Core   rope   and the Apollo Guidance Computer
and reverse engineering the core   rope   simulator -
How to   run   C programs on the BeagleBone's PRU microcontrollers
wouldn't seek: getting our Xerox Alto   running   again
Xerox Alto, Smalltalk, and rewriting a   running   GUI
Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 4: What's   running   on the system
YC's Xerox Alto day 10: New boards,   running   programs, mouse problems
Inside the tiny RFID chip that   runs   San Francisco's "Bay to Breakers" race
to the Xerox Alto Mandelbrot drop   runtime   from 1 hour to 9 minutes
PRU tips:   Understanding   the BeagleBone's built-in microcontrollers
How I added 6 characters to   Unicode   (and you can too)
8008 processor from die photos: its   unusual   counters
tube module part II: Powering   up   and using a 1950s key debouncer
A dozen   USB   chargers in the lab: Apple is very good, but not quite the best
tube module part II: Powering up and   using   a 1950s key debouncer
  Using   an FPGA to generate raw VGA video:FizzBuzz with animation
the popular 555 timer chip (CMOS   version)  
Reading a   VGA   monitor's configuration data with I2C and a PocketBeagle
Using an FPGA to generate raw   VGA   video:FizzBuzz with animation
Using an FPGA to generate raw VGA   video:FizzBuzz   with animation
Inside the   vintage   74181 ALU chip: how it works and why it's so strange
Analyzing the   vintage   8008 processor from die photos: its unusual counters
Bad relay: Fixing the card reader for a   vintage   IBM 1401 mainframe
Creating a Christmas card on a   vintage   IBM 1401 mainframe
Hammer time: fixing the printer on a   vintage   IBM 1401 mainframe
Risky line printer music on a   vintage   IBM mainframe -
Examining a   vintage   RAM chip, I find a counterfeit with an entirely different die inside
Bitcoin mining on a   vintage   Xerox Alto: very slow at 1.5 hashes/second
Fixing the Ethernet board from a   vintage   Xerox Alto
Inside the   vintage   Xerox Alto's display, a tiny lightbulb keeps it working
Mandelbrot: Creating a fractal on the   vintage   Xerox Alto
Restoring a   vintage   Xerox Alto day 8: it boots!
A   visit   to the Large Scale Systems Museum , New Kensington, PA -
YC's Xerox Alto: how our boot disk   was   trashed with random data
memory: In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes   weighed   610 pounds
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 4:   What's   running on the system
74181 ALU chip: how it works and   why   it's so strange
Accounting machines, the IBM 1403, and   why   printers standardized on 132 columns
Software woven into   wire:   Core rope and the Apollo Guidance Computer
3 Mb/s Ethernet: Building a gateway   with   a BeagleBone
Xerox Alto day 5: Microcode tracing   with   a logic analyzer
vintage RAM chip, I find a counterfeit   with   an entirely different die inside
tax preparation: plugboard programming   with   an IBM 403 Accounting Machine
to generate raw VGA video:FizzBuzz   with   animation
an air conditioner control's checksum   with   differential cryptanalysis
a Xerox Alto day 7: experiments   with   disk and Ethernet emulators
a VGA monitor's configuration data   with   I2C and a PocketBeagle
effect chip: digital logic implemented   with   I2L
Silicon die analysis: inside an op amp   with   interesting "butterfly" transistors
the PocketBeagle: a $25 Linux computer   with   lots of I/O pins
card sorters: 1920s data processing   with   punched cards and relays
Alto: how our boot disk was trashed   with   random data
Simulating a Xerox Alto   with   the ContrAlto simulator: games and Smalltalk
Hands-on   with   the PocketBeagle: a $25 Linux computer with lots of I/O pins
ARM1 instruction sequencing, compared   with   the Z-80 and 6502
the software stack that makes them   work  
display, a tiny lightbulb keeps it   working  
the vintage 74181 ALU chip: how it   works   and why it's so strange
"Hello   world"   in the BCPL language on the Xerox Alto simulator
555 timer teardown: inside the   world's   most popular IC
The printer that   wouldn't   print: Fixing an IBM 1401 mainframe from the 1960s
A 1970s disk drive that   wouldn't   seek: getting our Xerox Alto running again
Software   woven   into wire: Core rope and the Apollo Guidance Computer
drive that wouldn't seek: getting our   Xerox   Alto running again
Bitcoin mining on a vintage   Xerox   Alto: very slow at 1.5 hashes/second
the Ethernet board from a vintage   Xerox   Alto
world" in the BCPL language on the   Xerox   Alto simulator
Improvements to the   Xerox   Alto Mandelbrot drop runtime from 1 hour to 9 minutes
Inside the vintage   Xerox   Alto's display, a tiny lightbulb keeps it working
Creating a fractal on the vintage   Xerox   Alto
Restoring a vintage   Xerox   Alto day 8: it boots!
Restoring a   Xerox   Alto day 7: experiments with disk and Ethernet emulators
Y Combinator's   Xerox   Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer
Restoring Y Combinator's   Xerox   Alto, day 1: Power supplies and disk interface
Restoring Y Combinator's   Xerox   Alto, day 2: Repairing the display
Restoring Y Combinator's   Xerox   Alto, day 3: Inside the disk drive
Restoring Y Combinator's   Xerox   Alto, day 4: What's running on the system
Restoring YCombinator's   Xerox   Alto day 5: Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer
Restoring YCombinator's   Xerox   Alto day 6: Fixed a chip, data read from disk
Restoring YC's   Xerox   Alto day 10: New boards, running programs, mouse problems
Restoring YC's   Xerox   Alto day 9: tracing a crash through software and hardware
Restoring YC's   Xerox   Alto: how our boot disk was trashed with random data
Simulating a   Xerox   Alto with the ContrAlto simulator: games and Smalltalk
Steve Jobs, the   Xerox   Alto, and computer typography
The   Xerox   Alto, Smalltalk, and rewriting a running GUI
  Xerox   Alto zero-day: cracking disk password protection on a 45 year old system
  Xerox   Alto's 3 Mb/s Ethernet: Building a gateway with a BeagleBone
  Y   Combinator's Xerox Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer
Restoring   Y   Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 1: Power supplies and disk interface
Restoring   Y   Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 2: Repairing the display
Restoring   Y   Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 3: Inside the disk drive
Restoring   Y   Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 4: What's running on the system
Restoring   YC's   Xerox Alto day 10: New boards, running programs, mouse problems
Restoring   YC's   Xerox Alto day 9: tracing a crash through software and hardware
Restoring   YC's   Xerox Alto: how our boot disk was trashed with random data
Restoring   YCombinator's   Xerox Alto day 5: Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer
Restoring   YCombinator's   Xerox Alto day 6: Fixed a chip, data read from disk
disk password protection on a 45   year   old system
Reliable after 50   years:   The Apollo Guidance Computer's switching power supplies -
revolutionary 8008 microprocessor, 45   years   old
of the IBM System/360 mainframes, 55   years   old
I added 6 characters to Unicode (and   you   can too)
sequencing, compared with the   Z-80   and 6502
Xerox Alto   zero-day:   cracking disk password protection on a 45 year old system






-----------------------------------------------------------------





Other info follows Input file = C:\PRIV\0KWIC\KWIC.txt
Date processed 11-01-2019
Time processed 07:47:28
May need hand editing to handle false key words such as zzzzzzzz
** a limitation, | assumes start of link, terminates search for key words

*** start text input
555 timer teardown: inside the world's most popular IC |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/02/555-timer-teardown-inside-worlds-most.html
1950's tax preparation: plugboard programming with an IBM 403 Accounting Machine |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/04/1950s-tax-preparation-plugboard.html
A 1970s disk drive that wouldn't seek: getting our Xerox Alto running again |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/03/a-1970s-disk-drive-that-wouldnt-seek.html
A dozen USB chargers in the lab: Apple is very good, but not quite the best |
        http://www.righto.com/2012/10/a-dozen-usb-chargers-in-lab-apple-is.html
A look at IBM S/360 core memory: In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed 610 pounds |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/04/
A Multi-Protocol Infrared Remote Library for the Arduino |
        http://www.righto.com/2009/08/multi-protocol-infrared-remote-library.html
A visit to the Large Scale Systems Museum , New Kensington, PA - |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/10/a-visit-to-large-scale-systems-museum.html
A computer built from NOR gates: inside the Apollo Guidance Computer - |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/09/a-computer-built-from-nor-gates-inside.html
Accounting machines, the IBM 1403, and why printers standardized on 132 columns |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/01/accounting-machines-ibm-1403-and-why.html
An 8-tube module from a 1954 IBM mainframe examined: it's a key debouncer |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/01/examining-1954-ibm-mainframes-pluggable.html
Analyzing the vintage 8008 processor from die photos: its unusual counters |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/03/analyzing-vintage-8008-processor-from.html
Apollo Guidance Computer: Dipstiks and reverse engineering the core rope simulator - |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/07/apollo-guidance-computer-dipstiks-and.html
Bitcoin mining on a vintage Xerox Alto: very slow at 1.5 hashes/second |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/07/bitcoin-mining-on-vintage-xerox-alto.html
Bad relay: Fixing the card reader for a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/09/bad-relay-fixing-card-reader-for.html
Bitcoin mining on an Apollo Guidance Computer: 10.3 seconds per hash |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/07/bitcoin-mining-on-apollo-guidance.html
Conditional instructions in the ARM1 processor, reverse engineered |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/01/conditional-instructions-in-arm1.html
Counterfeit Macbook charger teardown: convincing outside but dangerous inside |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/03/counterfeit-macbook-charger-teardown.html
Counting bits in hardware: reverse engineering the silicon in the ARM1 processor |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/01/counting-bits-in-hardware-reverse.html
Creating a Christmas card on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/12/creating-christmas-card-on-vintage-ibm_7.html
Decoding an air conditioner control's checksum with differential cryptanalysis |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/12/decoding-air-conditioner-controls.html
Die photos and analysis of the revolutionary 8008 microprocessor, 45 years old |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/12/die-photos-and-analysis-of_24.html
Examining a vintage RAM chip, I find a counterfeit with an entirely different die inside |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/08/inside-fake-ram-chip-i-found-something.html
Fixing the Ethernet board from a vintage Xerox Alto |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/11/fixing-ethernet-board-from-vintage.html
Glowing mercury thyratrons: inside a 1940s Teletype switching power supply |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/09/glowing-mercury-thyratrons-inside-1940s.html
Hammer time: fixing the printer on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/12/hammer-time-fixing-printer-on-vintage.html
"Hello world" in the BCPL language on the Xerox Alto simulator |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/06/hello-world-in-bcpl-language-on-xerox.html
Hands-on with the PocketBeagle: a $25 Linux computer with lots of I/O pins |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/12/hands-on-with-pocketbeagle-tiny-25.html
How I added 6 characters to Unicode (and you can too) |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/10/inspired-by-hn-comment-four-half-star.html
How "special register groups" invaded computer dictionaries for decades |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/10/how-special-register-groups-invaded.html
How to run C programs on the BeagleBone's PRU microcontrollers |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/09/how-to-run-c-programs-on-beaglebones.html
IBM mainframe tube module part II: Powering up and using a 1950s key debouncer |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/01/ibm-mainframe-tube-module-part-ii.html
Iconic consoles of the IBM System/360 mainframes, 55 years old |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/04/iconic-consoles-of-ibm-system360.html
Identifying the "Early IBM Computer" in a Twitter photo: a 405 Accounting Machine |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/11/identifying-early-ibm-computer-in.html
Implementing FizzBuzz on an FPGA |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/03/implementing-fizzbuzz-on-fpga.html
Improvements to the Xerox Alto Mandelbrot drop runtime from 1 hour to 9 minutes |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/06/improvements-to-xerox-alto-mandelbrot.html
Inside card sorters: 1920s data processing with punched cards and relays |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/05/inside-card-sorters-1920s-data.html
Inside a RFID race timing chip: die photos of the Monza R6 |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/10/inside-rfid-race-timing-chip-die-photos.html
Inside Intel's first product: the 3101 RAM chip held just 64 bits |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/07/inside-intels-first-product-3101-ram.html
Inside the 74181 ALU chip: die photos and reverse engineering |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/01/die-photos-and-reverse-engineering.html
Inside the Apollo Guidance Computer's core memory |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/01/
Inside the 76477 Space Invaders sound effect chip: digital logic implemented with I2L |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/05/inside-76477-space-invaders-sound.html
Inside the die of Intel's 8087 coprocessor chip, root of modern floating point |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/08/inside-die-of-intels-8087-coprocessor.html
Inside the tiny RFID chip that runs San Francisco's "Bay to Breakers" race |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/06/inside-tiny-rfid-chip-that-runs-san.html
Inside the vintage Xerox Alto's display, a tiny lightbulb keeps it working |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/10/inside-vintage-xerox-altos-display-tiny.html
Inside the vintage 74181 ALU chip: how it works and why it's so strange |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/03/inside-vintage-74181-alu-chip-how-it.html
Lacking safety features, cheap MacBook chargers create big sparks |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/09/why-you-shouldnt-use-cheap-macbook.html
Looking inside a 1970s PROM chip that stores data in microscopic fuses - |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/07/looking-inside-1970s-prom-chip-that.html
Macbook charger teardown: The surprising complexity inside Apple's power adapter |
        http://www.righto.com/2015/11/macbook-charger-teardown-surprising.html
More ARM1 processor reverse engineering: the priority encoder |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/01/more-arm1-processor-reverse-engineering.html
One-hour Mandelbrot: Creating a fractal on the vintage Xerox Alto |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/06/one-hour-mandelbrot-creating-fractal-on.html
Op amp on the Moon: Reverse-engineering a hybrid op amp module |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/02/
PRU tips: Understanding the BeagleBone's built-in microcontrollers |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/08/pru-tips-understanding-beaglebones.html
Reading a VGA monitor's configuration data with I2C and a PocketBeagle |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/03/reading-vga-monitors-configuration-data.html
Repairing a 1960s mainframe: Fixing the IBM 1401's core memory and power supply |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/12/repairing-1960s-mainframe-fixing-ibm.html
Risky line printer music on a vintage IBM mainframe - |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/09/risky-line-printer-music-on-vintage-ibm.html
Reverse-engineering precision op amps from a 1969 analog computer - |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/09/reverse-engineering-precision-op-amps.html
Reverse engineering the 76477 "Space Invaders" sound effect chip from die photos |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/04/reverse-engineering-76477-space.html
Reverse engineering ARM1 instruction sequencing, compared with the Z-80 and 6502 |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/02/reverse-engineering-arm1-instruction.html
Reverse engineering the ARM1 processor's microinstructions |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/02/reverse-engineering-arm1-processors.html
Reverse engineering the popular 555 timer chip (CMOS version) |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/04/teardown-of-cmos-555-timer-chip-how.html
Reverse-engineering the surprisingly advanced ALU of the 8008 microprocessor |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/02/reverse-engineering-surprisingly.html
Reliable after 50 years: The Apollo Guidance Computer's switching power supplies - |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/08/reliable-after-50-years-apollo-guidance.html
Repairing a 1960s-era IBM keypunch: controlled by mechanical tabs and bars |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/12/repairing-1960s-era-ibm-keypunch.html
Repairing the card reader for a 1960s mainframe: cams, relays and a clutch |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/02/repairing-card-reader-for-1960s.html
Restoring a vintage Xerox Alto day 8: it boots! |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/09/restoring-ycs-xerox-alto-day-8-it-boots.html
Restoring a Xerox Alto day 7: experiments with disk and Ethernet emulators |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/09/restoring-ycs-xerox-alto-day-7.html
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/06/y-combinators-xerox-alto-restoring.html
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 1: Power supplies and disk interface |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/06/restoring-y-combinators-xerox-alto-day.html
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 2: Repairing the display |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/07/restoring-y-combinators-xerox-alto-day.html
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 3: Inside the disk drive |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/07/restoring-y-combinators-xerox-alto-day_11.html
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 4: What's running on the system |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/07/restoring-y-combinators-xerox-alto-day_31.html
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox Alto day 5: Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/09/xerox-alto-restoration-day-5-smoke-and.html
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox Alto day 6: Fixed a chip, data read from disk |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/09/restoring-ycombinators-xerox-alto-day-6.html
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto day 10: New boards, running programs, mouse problems |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/10/restoring-ycs-xerox-alto-day-10-new.html
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto day 9: tracing a crash through software and hardware |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/10/restoring-ycs-xerox-alto-day-9-tracing.html
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto: how our boot disk was trashed with random data |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/09/restoring-ycs-xerox-alto-how-our-boot.html
Silicon die analysis: inside an op amp with interesting "butterfly" transistors |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/06/silicon-die-analysis-op-amp-with.html
Simulating a Xerox Alto with the ContrAlto simulator: games and Smalltalk |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/10/simulating-xerox-alto-with-contralto.html
Software woven into wire: Core rope and the Apollo Guidance Computer |
        http://www.righto.com/2019/07/software-woven-into-wire-core-rope-and.html
Sonicare toothbrush teardown: microcontroller, H bridge, and inductive charging |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/09/sonicare-toothbrush-teardown.html
Steve Jobs, the Xerox Alto, and computer typography |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/10/the-xerox-alto-steve-jobs-and-computer.html
Superbeta transistors inside: Die photos and analysis of the LM108 op amp |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/12/inside-lm108-op-amp-superbeta.html
Teardown and exploration of Apple's Magsafe connector |
        http://www.righto.com/2013/06/teardown-and-exploration-of-magsafe.html
The ARM1 processor's flags, reverse engineered |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/02/the-arm1-processors-flags-reverse.html
The BeagleBone's I/O pins: inside the software stack that makes them work |
        http://www.righto.com/2016/08/the-beaglebones-io-pins-inside-software.html
The printer that wouldn't print: Fixing an IBM 1401 mainframe from the 1960s |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/09/the-printer-that-wouldnt-print-fixing.html
The Xerox Alto, Smalltalk, and rewriting a running GUI |
        http://www.righto.com/2017/10/the-xerox-alto-smalltalk-and-rewriting.html
Two bits per transistor: high-density ROM in Intel's 8087 floating point chip |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/09/two-bits-per-transistor-high-density.html
Using an FPGA to generate raw VGA video:FizzBuzz with animation |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/04/fizzbuzz-hard-way-generating-vga-video.html
Xerox Alto zero-day: cracking disk password protection on a 45 year old system |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/01/xerox-alto-zero-day-cracking-disk.html
Xerox Alto's 3 Mb/s Ethernet: Building a gateway with a BeagleBone |
        http://www.righto.com/2018/01/xerox-altos-3-mbs-ethernet-building.html
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