KWIC index of Ken Shirriff's
www.righto.com Presentations
from 2016 through October 2019
non IBM 1401 code by Ed Thelen, Nov 1, 2019
There is even more on YouTube, search for Ken Shirriff
Collected Oct 31, 2019
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day
1: |
Power supplies and disk interface
| |
on a vintage Xerox Alto: very slow at
1.5 |
hashes/second
| |
Alto Mandelbrot drop runtime from
1 |
hour to 9 minutes
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto day
10: |
New boards, running programs, mouse problems
| |
mining on an Apollo Guidance Computer:
10.3 |
seconds per hash
| |
IBM S/360 core memory: In the 1960s,
128 |
kilobytes weighed 610 pounds
| |
1403, and why printers standardized on
132 |
columns
| |
the card reader for a vintage IBM
1401 |
mainframe
| |
a Christmas card on a vintage IBM
1401 |
mainframe
| |
fixing the printer on a vintage IBM
1401 |
mainframe
| |
that wouldn't print: Fixing an IBM
1401 |
mainframe from the 1960s
| |
a 1960s mainframe: Fixing the IBM
1401's |
core memory and power supply
| |
Accounting machines, the IBM
1403, |
and why printers standardized on 132 columns
| |
Inside card sorters:
1920s |
data processing with punched cards and relays
| |
Glowing mercury thyratrons: inside a
1940s |
Teletype switching power supply
| |
1950's |
tax preparation: plugboard programming with an IBM 403 Accounting Machine
| |
part II: Powering up and using a
1950s |
key debouncer
| |
An 8-tube module from a
1954 |
IBM mainframe examined: it's a key debouncer
| |
Fixing an IBM 1401 mainframe from the
1960s |
| |
A look at IBM S/360 core memory: In the
1960s, |
128 kilobytes weighed 610 pounds
| |
Repairing a
1960s-era |
IBM keypunch: controlled by mechanical tabs and bars
| |
Repairing a
1960s |
mainframe: Fixing the IBM 1401's core memory and power supply
| |
Repairing the card reader for a
1960s |
mainframe: cams, relays and a clutch
| |
precision op amps from a
1969 |
analog computer -
| |
A
1970s |
disk drive that wouldn't seek: getting our Xerox Alto running again
| |
Xerox Alto: restoring the legendary
1970s |
GUI computer
| |
Looking inside a
1970s |
PROM chip that stores data in microscopic fuses -
| |
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day
2: |
Repairing the display
| |
Hands-on with the PocketBeagle: a $
25 |
Linux computer with lots of I/O pins
| |
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day
3: |
Inside the disk drive
| |
Xerox Alto's
3 |
Mb/s Ethernet: Building a gateway with a BeagleBone
| |
on an Apollo Guidance Computer: 10.
3 |
seconds per hash
| |
Inside Intel's first product: the
3101 |
RAM chip held just 64 bits
| |
A look at IBM S/
360 |
core memory: In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed 610 pounds
| |
Iconic consoles of the IBM System/
360 |
mainframes, 55 years old
| |
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day
4: |
What's running on the system
| |
plugboard programming with an IBM
403 |
Accounting Machine
| |
IBM Computer" in a Twitter photo: a
405 |
Accounting Machine
| |
cracking disk password protection on a
45 |
year old system
| |
the revolutionary 8008 microprocessor,
45 |
years old
| |
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox Alto day
5: |
Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer
| |
a vintage Xerox Alto: very slow at 1.
5 |
hashes/second
| |
Reliable after
50 |
years: The Apollo Guidance Computer's switching power supplies -
| |
of the IBM System/360 mainframes,
55 |
years old
| |
Reverse engineering the popular
555 |
timer chip (CMOS version)
| |
555 |
timer teardown: inside the world's most popular IC
| |
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox Alto day
6: |
Fixed a chip, data read from disk
| |
How I added
6 |
characters to Unicode (and you can too)
| |
In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed
610 |
pounds
| |
product: the 3101 RAM chip held just
64 |
bits
| |
sequencing, compared with the Z-80 and
6502 |
| |
Restoring a Xerox Alto day
7: |
experiments with disk and Ethernet emulators
| |
Inside the
74181 |
ALU chip: die photos and reverse engineering
| |
Inside the vintage
74181 |
ALU chip: how it works and why it's so strange
| |
Reverse engineering the
76477 |
"Space Invaders" sound effect chip from die photos
| |
Inside the
76477 |
Space Invaders sound effect chip: digital logic implemented with I2L
| |
Restoring a vintage Xerox Alto day
8: |
it boots!
| |
An
8-tube |
module from a 1954 IBM mainframe examined: it's a key debouncer
| |
sequencing, compared with the Z-
80 |
and 6502
| |
and analysis of the revolutionary
8008 |
microprocessor, 45 years old
| |
the surprisingly advanced ALU of the
8008 |
microprocessor
| |
Analyzing the vintage
8008 |
processor from die photos: its unusual counters
| |
Inside the die of Intel's
8087 |
coprocessor chip, root of modern floating point
| |
high-density ROM in Intel's
8087 |
floating point chip
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto day
9: |
tracing a crash through software and hardware
| |
Mandelbrot drop runtime from 1 hour to
9 |
minutes
| |
plugboard programming with an IBM 403
Accounting |
Machine
| |
Accounting |
machines, the IBM 1403, and why printers standardized on 132 columns
| |
Computer" in a Twitter photo: a 405
Accounting |
Machine
| |
complexity inside Apple's power
adapter |
| |
How I
added |
6 characters to Unicode (and you can too)
| |
Reverse-engineering the surprisingly
advanced |
ALU of the 8008 microprocessor
| |
Reliable
after |
50 years: The Apollo Guidance Computer's switching power supplies -
| |
seek: getting our Xerox Alto running
again |
| |
Decoding an
air |
conditioner control's checksum with differential cryptanalysis
| |
Ethernet board from a vintage Xerox
Alto |
| |
a fractal on the vintage Xerox
Alto |
| |
Steve Jobs, the Xerox
Alto, |
and computer typography
| |
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox
Alto, |
day 1: Power supplies and disk interface
| |
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox
Alto, |
day 2: Repairing the display
| |
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox
Alto, |
day 3: Inside the disk drive
| |
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox
Alto, |
day 4: What's running on the system
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox
Alto: |
how our boot disk was trashed with random data
| |
Y Combinator's Xerox
Alto: |
restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer
| |
The Xerox
Alto, |
Smalltalk, and rewriting a running GUI
| |
Bitcoin mining on a vintage Xerox
Alto: |
very slow at 1.5 hashes/second
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox
Alto |
day 10: New boards, running programs, mouse problems
| |
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox
Alto |
day 5: Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer
| |
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox
Alto |
day 6: Fixed a chip, data read from disk
| |
Restoring a Xerox
Alto |
day 7: experiments with disk and Ethernet emulators
| |
Restoring a vintage Xerox
Alto |
day 8: it boots!
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox
Alto |
day 9: tracing a crash through software and hardware
| |
Improvements to the Xerox
Alto |
Mandelbrot drop runtime from 1 hour to 9 minutes
| |
that wouldn't seek: getting our Xerox
Alto |
running again
| |
Xerox
Alto's |
3 Mb/s Ethernet: Building a gateway with a BeagleBone
| |
Inside the vintage Xerox
Alto's |
display, a tiny lightbulb keeps it working
| |
in the BCPL language on the Xerox
Alto |
simulator
| |
Simulating a Xerox
Alto |
with the ContrAlto simulator: games and Smalltalk
| |
Xerox
Alto |
zero-day: cracking disk password protection on a 45 year old system
| |
Inside the 74181
ALU |
chip: die photos and reverse engineering
| |
Inside the vintage 74181
ALU |
chip: how it works and why it's so strange
| |
the surprisingly advanced
ALU |
of the 8008 microprocessor
| |
photos and analysis of the LM108 op
amp |
| |
Moon: Reverse-engineering a hybrid op
amp |
module
| |
Op
amp |
on the Moon: Reverse-engineering a hybrid op amp module
| |
Silicon die analysis: inside an op
amp |
with interesting "butterfly" transistors
| |
Reverse-engineering precision op
amps |
from a 1969 analog computer -
| |
built from NOR gates: inside the
Apollo |
Guidance Computer -
| |
Apollo |
Guidance Computer: Dipstiks and reverse engineering the core rope simulator -
| |
Bitcoin mining on an
Apollo |
Guidance Computer: 10.3 seconds per hash
| |
Inside the
Apollo |
Guidance Computer's core memory
| |
Reliable after 50 years: The
Apollo |
Guidance Computer's switching power supplies -
| |
woven into wire: Core rope and the
Apollo |
Guidance Computer
| |
A dozen USB chargers in the lab:
Apple |
is very good, but not quite the best
| |
Teardown and exploration of
Apple's |
Magsafe connector
| |
The surprising complexity inside
Apple's |
power adapter
| |
Infrared Remote Library for the
Arduino |
| |
Reverse engineering
ARM1 |
instruction sequencing, compared with the Z-80 and 6502
| |
Conditional instructions in the
ARM1 |
processor, reverse engineered
| |
reverse engineering the silicon in the
ARM1 |
processor
| |
More
ARM1 |
processor reverse engineering: the priority encoder
| |
Reverse engineering the
ARM1 |
processor's microinstructions
| |
The
ARM1 |
processor's flags, reverse engineered
| |
Bad |
relay: Fixing the card reader for a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
controlled by mechanical tabs and
bars |
| |
RFID chip that runs San Francisco's "
Bay |
to Breakers" race
| |
"Hello world" in the
BCPL |
language on the Xerox Alto simulator
| |
How to run C programs on the
BeagleBone's |
PRU microcontrollers
| |
PRU tips: Understanding the
BeagleBone's |
built-in microcontrollers
| |
The
BeagleBone's |
I/O pins: inside the software stack that makes them work
| |
cheap MacBook chargers create
big |
sparks
| |
Bitcoin |
mining on a vintage Xerox Alto: very slow at 1.5 hashes/second
| |
Bitcoin |
mining on an Apollo Guidance Computer: 10.3 seconds per hash
| |
the 3101 RAM chip held just 64
bits |
| |
Counting
bits |
in hardware: reverse engineering the silicon in the ARM1 processor
| |
Two
bits |
per transistor: high-density ROM in Intel's 8087 floating point chip
| |
Fixing the Ethernet
board |
from a vintage Xerox Alto
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto day 10: New
boards, |
running programs, mouse problems
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto: how our
boot |
disk was trashed with random data
| |
a vintage Xerox Alto day 8: it
boots! |
| |
chip that runs San Francisco's "Bay to
Breakers" |
race
| |
teardown: microcontroller, H
bridge, |
and inductive charging
| |
Xerox Alto's 3 Mb/s Ethernet:
Building |
a gateway with a BeagleBone
| |
A computer
built |
from NOR gates: inside the Apollo Guidance Computer -
| |
tips: Understanding the BeagleBone's
built-in |
microcontrollers
| |
a 1960s-era IBM keypunch: controlled
by |
mechanical tabs and bars
| |
How to run
C |
programs on the BeagleBone's PRU microcontrollers
| |
the card reader for a 1960s mainframe:
cams, |
relays and a clutch
| |
added 6 characters to Unicode (and you
can |
too)
| |
Creating a Christmas
card |
on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
Bad relay: Fixing the
card |
reader for a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
Repairing the
card |
reader for a 1960s mainframe: cams, relays and a clutch
| |
Inside
card |
sorters: 1920s data processing with punched cards and relays
| |
1920s data processing with punched
cards |
and relays
| |
How I added 6
characters |
to Unicode (and you can too)
| |
Counterfeit Macbook
charger |
teardown: convincing outside but dangerous inside
| |
Macbook
charger |
teardown: The surprising complexity inside Apple's power adapter
| |
Lacking safety features, cheap MacBook
chargers |
create big sparks
| |
A dozen USB
chargers |
in the lab: Apple is very good, but not quite the best
| |
Lacking safety features,
cheap |
MacBook chargers create big sparks
| |
Decoding an air conditioner control's
checksum |
with differential cryptanalysis
| |
ROM in Intel's 8087 floating point
chip |
| |
engineering the popular 555 timer
chip |
(CMOS version)
| |
Xerox Alto day 6: Fixed a
chip, |
data read from disk
| |
Inside a RFID race timing
chip: |
die photos of the Monza R6
| |
Inside the 74181 ALU
chip: |
die photos and reverse engineering
| |
the 76477 Space Invaders sound effect
chip: |
digital logic implemented with I2L
| |
Inside the vintage 74181 ALU
chip: |
how it works and why it's so strange
| |
Examining a vintage RAM
chip, |
I find a counterfeit with an entirely different die inside
| |
the die of Intel's 8087 coprocessor
chip, |
root of modern floating point
| |
76477 "Space Invaders" sound effect
chip |
from die photos
| |
Intel's first product: the 3101 RAM
chip |
held just 64 bits
| |
Inside the tiny RFID
chip |
that runs San Francisco's "Bay to Breakers" race
| |
Looking inside a 1970s PROM
chip |
that stores data in microscopic fuses -
| |
Creating a
Christmas |
card on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
a 1960s mainframe: cams, relays and a
clutch |
| |
the popular 555 timer chip (
CMOS |
version)
| |
and why printers standardized on 132
columns |
| |
Y
Combinator's |
Xerox Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer
| |
Restoring Y
Combinator's |
Xerox Alto, day 1: Power supplies and disk interface
| |
Restoring Y
Combinator's |
Xerox Alto, day 2: Repairing the display
| |
Restoring Y
Combinator's |
Xerox Alto, day 3: Inside the disk drive
| |
Restoring Y
Combinator's |
Xerox Alto, day 4: What's running on the system
| |
ARM1 instruction sequencing,
compared |
with the Z-80 and 6502
| |
charger teardown: The surprising
complexity |
inside Apple's power adapter
| |
NOR gates: inside the Apollo Guidance
Computer |
-
| |
precision op amps from a 1969 analog
computer |
-
| |
restoring the legendary 1970s GUI
computer |
| |
Core rope and the Apollo Guidance
Computer |
| |
Bitcoin mining on an Apollo Guidance
Computer: |
10.3 seconds per hash
| |
Apollo Guidance
Computer: |
Dipstiks and reverse engineering the core rope simulator -
| |
Identifying the "Early IBM
Computer" |
in a Twitter photo: a 405 Accounting Machine
| |
A
computer |
built from NOR gates: inside the Apollo Guidance Computer -
| |
How "special register groups" invaded
computer |
dictionaries for decades
| |
after 50 years: The Apollo Guidance
Computer's |
switching power supplies -
| |
Steve Jobs, the Xerox Alto, and
computer |
typography
| |
with the PocketBeagle: a $25 Linux
computer |
with lots of I/O pins
| |
Conditional |
instructions in the ARM1 processor, reverse engineered
| |
Decoding an air
conditioner |
control's checksum with differential cryptanalysis
| |
Reading a VGA monitor's
configuration |
data with I2C and a PocketBeagle
| |
Iconic
consoles |
of the IBM System/360 mainframes, 55 years old
| |
Simulating a Xerox Alto with the
ContrAlto |
simulator: games and Smalltalk
| |
Decoding an air conditioner
control's |
checksum with differential cryptanalysis
| |
Repairing a 1960s-era IBM keypunch:
controlled |
by mechanical tabs and bars
| |
Counterfeit Macbook charger teardown:
convincing |
outside but dangerous inside
| |
Inside the die of Intel's 8087
coprocessor |
chip, root of modern floating point
| |
A look at IBM S/360
core |
memory: In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed 610 pounds
| |
Inside the Apollo Guidance Computer's
core |
memory
| |
1960s mainframe: Fixing the IBM 1401's
core |
memory and power supply
| |
Software woven into wire:
Core |
rope and the Apollo Guidance Computer
| |
Dipstiks and reverse engineering the
core |
rope simulator -
| |
Counterfeit |
Macbook charger teardown: convincing outside but dangerous inside
| |
Examining a vintage RAM chip, I find a
counterfeit |
with an entirely different die inside
| |
processor from die photos: its unusual
counters |
| |
Counting |
bits in hardware: reverse engineering the silicon in the ARM1 processor
| |
Xerox Alto zero-day:
cracking |
disk password protection on a 45 year old system
| |
YC's Xerox Alto day 9: tracing a
crash |
through software and hardware
| |
features, cheap MacBook chargers
create |
big sparks
| |
Creating |
a Christmas card on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
One-hour Mandelbrot:
Creating |
a fractal on the vintage Xerox Alto
| |
teardown: convincing outside but
dangerous |
inside
| |
our boot disk was trashed with random
data |
| |
inside a 1970s PROM chip that stores
data |
in microscopic fuses -
| |
Inside card sorters: 1920s
data |
processing with punched cards and relays
| |
Xerox Alto day 6: Fixed a chip,
data |
read from disk
| |
Reading a VGA monitor's configuration
data |
with I2C and a PocketBeagle
| |
Xerox Alto zero-
day: |
cracking disk password protection on a 45 year old system
| |
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto,
day |
1: Power supplies and disk interface
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto
day |
10: New boards, running programs, mouse problems
| |
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto,
day |
2: Repairing the display
| |
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto,
day |
3: Inside the disk drive
| |
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto,
day |
4: What's running on the system
| |
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox Alto
day |
5: Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer
| |
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox Alto
day |
6: Fixed a chip, data read from disk
| |
Restoring a Xerox Alto
day |
7: experiments with disk and Ethernet emulators
| |
Restoring a vintage Xerox Alto
day |
8: it boots!
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto
day |
9: tracing a crash through software and hardware
| |
II: Powering up and using a 1950s key
debouncer |
| |
invaded computer dictionaries for
decades |
| |
Decoding |
an air conditioner control's checksum with differential cryptanalysis
| |
Two bits per transistor: high-
density |
ROM in Intel's 8087 floating point chip
| |
Silicon
die |
analysis: inside an op amp with interesting "butterfly" transistors
| |
counterfeit with an entirely different
die |
inside
| |
Inside the
die |
of Intel's 8087 coprocessor chip, root of modern floating point
| |
the vintage 8008 processor from
die |
photos: its unusual counters
| |
Die |
photos and analysis of the revolutionary 8008 microprocessor, 45 years old
| |
Inside a RFID race timing chip:
die |
photos of the Monza R6
| |
Inside the 74181 ALU chip:
die |
photos and reverse engineering
| |
Invaders" sound effect chip from
die |
photos
| |
Superbeta transistors inside:
Die |
photos and analysis of the LM108 op amp
| |
I find a counterfeit with an entirely
different |
die inside
| |
conditioner control's checksum with
differential |
cryptanalysis
| |
Space Invaders sound effect chip:
digital |
logic implemented with I2L
| |
Apollo Guidance Computer:
Dipstiks |
and reverse engineering the core rope simulator -
| |
day 6: Fixed a chip, data read from
disk |
| |
a Xerox Alto day 7: experiments with
disk |
and Ethernet emulators
| |
A 1970s
disk |
drive that wouldn't seek: getting our Xerox Alto running again
| |
Xerox Alto, day 3: Inside the
disk |
drive
| |
Xerox Alto, day 1: Power supplies and
disk |
interface
| |
Xerox Alto zero-day: cracking
disk |
password protection on a 45 year old system
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto: how our boot
disk |
was trashed with random data
| |
Xerox Alto, day 2: Repairing the
display |
| |
Inside the vintage Xerox Alto's
display, |
a tiny lightbulb keeps it working
| |
A
dozen |
USB chargers in the lab: Apple is very good, but not quite the best
| |
Xerox Alto, day 3: Inside the disk
drive |
| |
A 1970s disk
drive |
that wouldn't seek: getting our Xerox Alto running again
| |
to the Xerox Alto Mandelbrot
drop |
runtime from 1 hour to 9 minutes
| |
Identifying the "
Early |
IBM Computer" in a Twitter photo: a 405 Accounting Machine
| |
Inside the 76477 Space Invaders sound
effect |
chip: digital logic implemented with I2L
| |
the 76477 "Space Invaders" sound
effect |
chip from die photos
| |
7: experiments with disk and Ethernet
emulators |
| |
reverse engineering: the priority
encoder |
| |
Computer: Dipstiks and reverse
engineering |
the core rope simulator -
| |
Counting bits in hardware: reverse
engineering |
the silicon in the ARM1 processor
| |
More ARM1 processor reverse
engineering: |
the priority encoder
| |
Op amp on the Moon: Reverse-
engineering |
a hybrid op amp module
| |
Reverse-
engineering |
precision op amps from a 1969 analog computer -
| |
Reverse
engineering |
the 76477 "Space Invaders" sound effect chip from die photos
| |
Reverse
engineering |
ARM1 instruction sequencing, compared with the Z-80 and 6502
| |
Reverse
engineering |
the ARM1 processor's microinstructions
| |
Reverse
engineering |
the popular 555 timer chip (CMOS version)
| |
Reverse-
engineering |
the surprisingly advanced ALU of the 8008 microprocessor
| |
RAM chip, I find a counterfeit with an
entirely |
different die inside
| |
Repairing a 1960s-
era |
IBM keypunch: controlled by mechanical tabs and bars
| |
Xerox Alto's 3 Mb/s
Ethernet: |
Building a gateway with a BeagleBone
| |
Fixing the
Ethernet |
board from a vintage Xerox Alto
| |
Alto day 7: experiments with disk and
Ethernet |
emulators
| |
module from a 1954 IBM mainframe
examined: |
it's a key debouncer
| |
Examining |
a vintage RAM chip, I find a counterfeit with an entirely different die inside
| |
Restoring a Xerox Alto day 7:
experiments |
with disk and Ethernet emulators
| |
Lacking safety
features, |
cheap MacBook chargers create big sparks
| |
Examining a vintage RAM chip, I
find |
a counterfeit with an entirely different die inside
| |
Inside Intel's
first |
product: the 3101 RAM chip held just 64 bits
| |
YCombinator's Xerox Alto day 6:
Fixed |
a chip, data read from disk
| |
The printer that wouldn't print:
Fixing |
an IBM 1401 mainframe from the 1960s
| |
Bad relay:
Fixing |
the card reader for a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
Fixing |
the Ethernet board from a vintage Xerox Alto
| |
Hammer time:
fixing |
the printer on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
Repairing a 1960s mainframe:
Fixing |
the IBM 1401's core memory and power supply
| |
Using an FPGA to generate raw VGA video:
FizzBuzz |
with animation
| |
The ARM1 processor's
flags, |
reverse engineered
| |
8087 coprocessor chip, root of modern
floating |
point
| |
high-density ROM in Intel's 8087
floating |
point chip
| |
Implementing FizzBuzz on an
FPGA |
| |
Using an
FPGA |
to generate raw VGA video:FizzBuzz with animation
| |
One-hour Mandelbrot: Creating a
fractal |
on the vintage Xerox Alto
| |
Inside the tiny RFID chip that runs San
Francisco's |
"Bay to Breakers" race
| |
chip that stores data in microscopic
fuses |
-
| |
Alto with the ContrAlto simulator:
games |
and Smalltalk
| |
A computer built from NOR
gates: |
inside the Apollo Guidance Computer -
| |
Alto's 3 Mb/s Ethernet: Building a
gateway |
with a BeagleBone
| |
Using an FPGA to
generate |
raw VGA video:FizzBuzz with animation
| |
A 1970s disk drive that wouldn't seek:
getting |
our Xerox Alto running again
| |
Glowing |
mercury thyratrons: inside a 1940s Teletype switching power supply
| |
How "special register
groups" |
invaded computer dictionaries for decades
| |
Smalltalk, and rewriting a running
GUI |
| |
Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s
GUI |
computer
| |
from NOR gates: inside the Apollo
Guidance |
Computer -
| |
Apollo
Guidance |
Computer: Dipstiks and reverse engineering the core rope simulator -
| |
Bitcoin mining on an Apollo
Guidance |
Computer: 10.3 seconds per hash
| |
Inside the Apollo
Guidance |
Computer's core memory
| |
Reliable after 50 years: The Apollo
Guidance |
Computer's switching power supplies -
| |
into wire: Core rope and the Apollo
Guidance |
Computer
| |
toothbrush teardown: microcontroller,
H |
bridge, and inductive charging
| |
Hammer |
time: fixing the printer on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
Hands-on |
with the PocketBeagle: a $25 Linux computer with lots of I/O pins
| |
tracing a crash through software and
hardware |
| |
Counting bits in
hardware: |
reverse engineering the silicon in the ARM1 processor
| |
Guidance Computer: 10.3 seconds per
hash |
| |
first product: the 3101 RAM chip
held |
just 64 bits
| |
"
Hello |
world" in the BCPL language on the Xerox Alto simulator
| |
Two bits per transistor:
high-density |
ROM in Intel's 8087 floating point chip
| |
One-
hour |
Mandelbrot: Creating a fractal on the vintage Xerox Alto
| |
Alto Mandelbrot drop runtime from 1
hour |
to 9 minutes
| |
How |
"special register groups" invaded computer dictionaries for decades
| |
How |
I added 6 characters to Unicode (and you can too)
| |
Inside the vintage 74181 ALU chip:
how |
it works and why it's so strange
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto:
how |
our boot disk was trashed with random data
| |
How |
to run C programs on the BeagleBone's PRU microcontrollers
| |
amp on the Moon: Reverse-engineering a
hybrid |
op amp module
| |
Steve
Jobs, |
the Xerox Alto, and computer typography
| |
first product: the 3101 RAM chip held
just |
64 bits
| |
Xerox Alto's display, a tiny lightbulb
keeps |
it working
| |
a 1954 IBM mainframe examined: it's a
key |
debouncer
| |
part II: Powering up and using a 1950s
key |
debouncer
| |
Repairing a 1960s-era IBM
keypunch: |
controlled by mechanical tabs and bars
| |
S/360 core memory: In the 1960s, 128
kilobytes |
weighed 610 pounds
| |
A dozen USB chargers in the
lab: |
Apple is very good, but not quite the best
| |
Lacking |
safety features, cheap MacBook chargers create big sparks
| |
"Hello world" in the BCPL
language |
on the Xerox Alto simulator
| |
A visit to the
Large |
Scale Systems Museum , New Kensington, PA -
| |
Combinator's Xerox Alto: restoring the
legendary |
1970s GUI computer
| |
A Multi-Protocol Infrared Remote
Library |
for the Arduino
| |
vintage Xerox Alto's display, a tiny
lightbulb |
keeps it working
| |
Risky
line |
printer music on a vintage IBM mainframe -
| |
Hands-on with the PocketBeagle: a $25
Linux |
computer with lots of I/O pins
| |
inside: Die photos and analysis of the
LM108 |
op amp
| |
Alto day 5: Microcode tracing with a
logic |
analyzer
| |
Invaders sound effect chip: digital
logic |
implemented with I2L
| |
A
look |
at IBM S/360 core memory: In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed 610 pounds
| |
Looking |
inside a 1970s PROM chip that stores data in microscopic fuses -
| |
a $25 Linux computer with
lots |
of I/O pins
| |
Counterfeit
Macbook |
charger teardown: convincing outside but dangerous inside
| |
Lacking safety features, cheap
MacBook |
chargers create big sparks
| |
Macbook |
charger teardown: The surprising complexity inside Apple's power adapter
| |
programming with an IBM 403 Accounting
Machine |
| |
in a Twitter photo: a 405 Accounting
Machine |
| |
Accounting
machines, |
the IBM 1403, and why printers standardized on 132 columns
| |
Teardown and exploration of Apple's
Magsafe |
connector
| |
the card reader for a vintage IBM 1401
mainframe |
| |
a Christmas card on a vintage IBM 1401
mainframe |
| |
Repairing a 1960s
mainframe: |
Fixing the IBM 1401's core memory and power supply
| |
line printer music on a vintage IBM
mainframe |
-
| |
Repairing the card reader for a 1960s
mainframe: |
cams, relays and a clutch
| |
An 8-tube module from a 1954 IBM
mainframe |
examined: it's a key debouncer
| |
wouldn't print: Fixing an IBM 1401
mainframe |
from the 1960s
| |
IBM
mainframe |
tube module part II: Powering up and using a 1950s key debouncer
| |
Iconic consoles of the IBM System/360
mainframes, |
55 years old
| |
pins: inside the software stack that
makes |
them work
| |
Improvements to the Xerox Alto
Mandelbrot |
drop runtime from 1 hour to 9 minutes
| |
One-hour
Mandelbrot: |
Creating a fractal on the vintage Xerox Alto
| |
Xerox Alto's 3
Mb/s |
Ethernet: Building a gateway with a BeagleBone
| |
1960s-era IBM keypunch: controlled by
mechanical |
tabs and bars
| |
the Apollo Guidance Computer's core
memory |
| |
A look at IBM S/360 core
memory: |
In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed 610 pounds
| |
mainframe: Fixing the IBM 1401's core
memory |
and power supply
| |
Glowing
mercury |
thyratrons: inside a 1940s Teletype switching power supply
| |
YCombinator's Xerox Alto day 5:
Microcode |
tracing with a logic analyzer
| |
a 1970s PROM chip that stores data in
microscopic |
fuses -
| |
Bitcoin
mining |
on a vintage Xerox Alto: very slow at 1.5 hashes/second
| |
Bitcoin
mining |
on an Apollo Guidance Computer: 10.3 seconds per hash
| |
drop runtime from 1 hour to 9
minutes |
| |
Intel's 8087 coprocessor chip, root of
modern |
floating point
| |
Reverse-engineering a hybrid op amp
module |
| |
An 8-tube
module |
from a 1954 IBM mainframe examined: it's a key debouncer
| |
IBM mainframe tube
module |
part II: Powering up and using a 1950s key debouncer
| |
Reading a VGA
monitor's |
configuration data with I2C and a PocketBeagle
| |
race timing chip: die photos of the
Monza |
R6
| |
Op amp on the
Moon: |
Reverse-engineering a hybrid op amp module
| |
More |
ARM1 processor reverse engineering: the priority encoder
| |
555 timer teardown: inside the world's
most |
popular IC
| |
day 10: New boards, running programs,
mouse |
problems
| |
A visit to the Large Scale Systems
Museum |
, New Kensington, PA -
| |
Risky line printer
music |
on a vintage IBM mainframe -
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto day 10:
New |
boards, running programs, mouse problems
| |
to the Large Scale Systems Museum ,
New |
Kensington, PA -
| |
A computer built from
NOR |
gates: inside the Apollo Guidance Computer -
| |
a $25 Linux computer with lots of I/
O |
pins
| |
The BeagleBone's I/
O |
pins: inside the software stack that makes them work
| |
8008 microprocessor, 45 years
old |
| |
IBM System/360 mainframes, 55 years
old |
| |
disk password protection on a 45 year
old |
system
| |
Die photos and analysis of the LM108
op |
amp
| |
the Moon: Reverse-engineering a hybrid
op |
amp module
| |
Op |
amp on the Moon: Reverse-engineering a hybrid op amp module
| |
Silicon die analysis: inside an
op |
amp with interesting "butterfly" transistors
| |
Reverse-engineering precision
op |
amps from a 1969 analog computer -
| |
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto: how
our |
boot disk was trashed with random data
| |
disk drive that wouldn't seek: getting
our |
Xerox Alto running again
| |
Macbook charger teardown: convincing
outside |
but dangerous inside
| |
Scale Systems Museum , New Kensington,
PA |
-
| |
IBM mainframe tube module
part |
II: Powering up and using a 1950s key debouncer
| |
Xerox Alto zero-day: cracking disk
password |
protection on a 45 year old system
| |
Apollo Guidance Computer: 10.3 seconds
per |
hash
| |
Two bits
per |
transistor: high-density ROM in Intel's 8087 floating point chip
| |
the "Early IBM Computer" in a Twitter
photo: |
a 405 Accounting Machine
| |
Invaders" sound effect chip from die
photos |
| |
the vintage 8008 processor from die
photos: |
its unusual counters
| |
Die
photos |
and analysis of the revolutionary 8008 microprocessor, 45 years old
| |
Inside the 74181 ALU chip: die
photos |
and reverse engineering
| |
Superbeta transistors inside: Die
photos |
and analysis of the LM108 op amp
| |
Inside a RFID race timing chip: die
photos |
of the Monza R6
| |
a $25 Linux computer with lots of I/O
pins |
| |
The BeagleBone's I/O
pins: |
inside the software stack that makes them work
| |
1950's tax preparation:
plugboard |
programming with an IBM 403 Accounting Machine
| |
Hands-on with the
PocketBeagle: |
a $25 Linux computer with lots of I/O pins
| |
chip, root of modern floating
point |
| |
ROM in Intel's 8087 floating
point |
chip
| |
Reverse engineering the
popular |
555 timer chip (CMOS version)
| |
teardown: inside the world's most
popular |
IC
| |
the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed 610
pounds |
| |
surprising complexity inside Apple's
power |
adapter
| |
inside a 1940s Teletype switching
power |
supply
| |
Fixing the IBM 1401's core memory and
power |
supply
| |
Apollo Guidance Computer's switching
power |
supplies -
| |
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 1:
Power |
supplies and disk interface
| |
IBM mainframe tube module part II:
Powering |
up and using a 1950s key debouncer
| |
Reverse-engineering
precision |
op amps from a 1969 analog computer -
| |
1950's tax
preparation: |
plugboard programming with an IBM 403 Accounting Machine
| |
The printer that wouldn't
print: |
Fixing an IBM 1401 mainframe from the 1960s
| |
Risky line
printer |
music on a vintage IBM mainframe -
| |
Hammer time: fixing the
printer |
on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
The
printer |
that wouldn't print: Fixing an IBM 1401 mainframe from the 1960s
| |
machines, the IBM 1403, and why
printers |
standardized on 132 columns
| |
processor reverse engineering: the
priority |
encoder
| |
New boards, running programs, mouse
problems |
| |
Inside card sorters: 1920s data
processing |
with punched cards and relays
| |
Conditional instructions in the ARM1
processor, |
reverse engineered
| |
engineering the silicon in the ARM1
processor |
| |
Analyzing the vintage 8008
processor |
from die photos: its unusual counters
| |
More ARM1
processor |
reverse engineering: the priority encoder
| |
Reverse engineering the ARM1
processor's |
microinstructions
| |
Inside Intel's first
product: |
the 3101 RAM chip held just 64 bits
| |
1950's tax preparation: plugboard
programming |
with an IBM 403 Accounting Machine
| |
Xerox Alto day 10: New boards, running
programs, |
mouse problems
| |
How to run C
programs |
on the BeagleBone's PRU microcontrollers
| |
Looking inside a 1970s
PROM |
chip that stores data in microscopic fuses -
| |
Alto zero-day: cracking disk password
protection |
on a 45 year old system
| |
A Multi-
Protocol |
Infrared Remote Library for the Arduino
| |
to run C programs on the BeagleBone's
PRU |
microcontrollers
| |
PRU |
tips: Understanding the BeagleBone's built-in microcontrollers
| |
sorters: 1920s data processing with
punched |
cards and relays
| |
the lab: Apple is very good, but not
quite |
the best
| |
timing chip: die photos of the Monza
R6 |
| |
runs San Francisco's "Bay to Breakers"
race |
| |
Inside a RFID
race |
timing chip: die photos of the Monza R6
| |
Examining a vintage
RAM |
chip, I find a counterfeit with an entirely different die inside
| |
Inside Intel's first product: the 3101
RAM |
chip held just 64 bits
| |
how our boot disk was trashed with
random |
data
| |
Using an FPGA to generate
raw |
VGA video:FizzBuzz with animation
| |
Xerox Alto day 6: Fixed a chip, data
read |
from disk
| |
Bad relay: Fixing the card
reader |
for a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
Repairing the card
reader |
for a 1960s mainframe: cams, relays and a clutch
| |
Reading |
a VGA monitor's configuration data with I2C and a PocketBeagle
| |
How "special
register |
groups" invaded computer dictionaries for decades
| |
Bad
relay: |
Fixing the card reader for a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
data processing with punched cards and
relays |
| |
reader for a 1960s mainframe: cams,
relays |
and a clutch
| |
Reliable |
after 50 years: The Apollo Guidance Computer's switching power supplies -
| |
A Multi-Protocol Infrared
Remote |
Library for the Arduino
| |
Repairing |
a 1960s mainframe: Fixing the IBM 1401's core memory and power supply
| |
Repairing |
a 1960s-era IBM keypunch: controlled by mechanical tabs and bars
| |
Repairing |
the card reader for a 1960s mainframe: cams, relays and a clutch
| |
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 2:
Repairing |
the display
| |
Restoring |
a vintage Xerox Alto day 8: it boots!
| |
Restoring |
a Xerox Alto day 7: experiments with disk and Ethernet emulators
| |
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto:
restoring |
the legendary 1970s GUI computer
| |
Restoring |
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 1: Power supplies and disk interface
| |
Restoring |
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 2: Repairing the display
| |
Restoring |
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 3: Inside the disk drive
| |
Restoring |
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 4: What's running on the system
| |
Restoring |
YCombinator's Xerox Alto day 5: Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer
| |
Restoring |
YCombinator's Xerox Alto day 6: Fixed a chip, data read from disk
| |
Restoring |
YC's Xerox Alto day 10: New boards, running programs, mouse problems
| |
Restoring |
YC's Xerox Alto day 9: tracing a crash through software and hardware
| |
Restoring |
YC's Xerox Alto: how our boot disk was trashed with random data
| |
Apollo Guidance Computer: Dipstiks and
reverse |
engineering the core rope simulator -
| |
instructions in the ARM1 processor,
reverse |
engineered
| |
Counting bits in hardware:
reverse |
engineering the silicon in the ARM1 processor
| |
the 74181 ALU chip: die photos and
reverse |
engineering
| |
More ARM1 processor
reverse |
engineering: the priority encoder
| |
Reverse |
engineering the 76477 "Space Invaders" sound effect chip from die photos
| |
Reverse |
engineering ARM1 instruction sequencing, compared with the Z-80 and 6502
| |
Reverse |
engineering the ARM1 processor's microinstructions
| |
Reverse |
engineering the popular 555 timer chip (CMOS version)
| |
The ARM1 processor's flags,
reverse |
engineered
| |
Die photos and analysis of the
revolutionary |
8008 microprocessor, 45 years old
| |
The Xerox Alto, Smalltalk, and
rewriting |
a running GUI
| |
Inside the tiny
RFID |
chip that runs San Francisco's "Bay to Breakers" race
| |
Inside a
RFID |
race timing chip: die photos of the Monza R6
| |
Risky |
line printer music on a vintage IBM mainframe -
| |
Two bits per transistor: high-density
ROM |
in Intel's 8087 floating point chip
| |
die of Intel's 8087 coprocessor chip,
root |
of modern floating point
| |
Software woven into wire: Core
rope |
and the Apollo Guidance Computer
| |
and reverse engineering the core
rope |
simulator -
| |
How to
run |
C programs on the BeagleBone's PRU microcontrollers
| |
wouldn't seek: getting our Xerox Alto
running |
again
| |
Xerox Alto, Smalltalk, and rewriting a
running |
GUI
| |
Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 4: What's
running |
on the system
| |
YC's Xerox Alto day 10: New boards,
running |
programs, mouse problems
| |
Inside the tiny RFID chip that
runs |
San Francisco's "Bay to Breakers" race
| |
to the Xerox Alto Mandelbrot drop
runtime |
from 1 hour to 9 minutes
| |
PRU tips:
Understanding |
the BeagleBone's built-in microcontrollers
| |
How I added 6 characters to
Unicode |
(and you can too)
| |
8008 processor from die photos: its
unusual |
counters
| |
tube module part II: Powering
up |
and using a 1950s key debouncer
| |
A dozen
USB |
chargers in the lab: Apple is very good, but not quite the best
| |
tube module part II: Powering up and
using |
a 1950s key debouncer
| |
Using |
an FPGA to generate raw VGA video:FizzBuzz with animation
| |
the popular 555 timer chip (CMOS
version) |
| |
Reading a
VGA |
monitor's configuration data with I2C and a PocketBeagle
| |
Using an FPGA to generate raw
VGA |
video:FizzBuzz with animation
| |
Inside the
vintage |
74181 ALU chip: how it works and why it's so strange
| |
Analyzing the
vintage |
8008 processor from die photos: its unusual counters
| |
Bad relay: Fixing the card reader for a
vintage |
IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
Creating a Christmas card on a
vintage |
IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
Hammer time: fixing the printer on a
vintage |
IBM 1401 mainframe
| |
Risky line printer music on a
vintage |
IBM mainframe -
| |
Examining a
vintage |
RAM chip, I find a counterfeit with an entirely different die inside
| |
Bitcoin mining on a
vintage |
Xerox Alto: very slow at 1.5 hashes/second
| |
Fixing the Ethernet board from a
vintage |
Xerox Alto
| |
Inside the
vintage |
Xerox Alto's display, a tiny lightbulb keeps it working
| |
Mandelbrot: Creating a fractal on the
vintage |
Xerox Alto
| |
Restoring a
vintage |
Xerox Alto day 8: it boots!
| |
A
visit |
to the Large Scale Systems Museum , New Kensington, PA -
| |
YC's Xerox Alto: how our boot disk
was |
trashed with random data
| |
memory: In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes
weighed |
610 pounds
| |
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 4:
What's |
running on the system
| |
74181 ALU chip: how it works and
why |
it's so strange
| |
Accounting machines, the IBM 1403, and
why |
printers standardized on 132 columns
| |
Software woven into
wire: |
Core rope and the Apollo Guidance Computer
| |
3 Mb/s Ethernet: Building a gateway
with |
a BeagleBone
| |
Xerox Alto day 5: Microcode tracing
with |
a logic analyzer
| |
vintage RAM chip, I find a counterfeit
with |
an entirely different die inside
| |
tax preparation: plugboard programming
with |
an IBM 403 Accounting Machine
| |
to generate raw VGA video:FizzBuzz
with |
animation
| |
an air conditioner control's checksum
with |
differential cryptanalysis
| |
a Xerox Alto day 7: experiments
with |
disk and Ethernet emulators
| |
a VGA monitor's configuration data
with |
I2C and a PocketBeagle
| |
effect chip: digital logic implemented
with |
I2L
| |
Silicon die analysis: inside an op amp
with |
interesting "butterfly" transistors
| |
the PocketBeagle: a $25 Linux computer
with |
lots of I/O pins
| |
card sorters: 1920s data processing
with |
punched cards and relays
| |
Alto: how our boot disk was trashed
with |
random data
| |
Simulating a Xerox Alto
with |
the ContrAlto simulator: games and Smalltalk
| |
Hands-on
with |
the PocketBeagle: a $25 Linux computer with lots of I/O pins
| |
ARM1 instruction sequencing, compared
with |
the Z-80 and 6502
| |
the software stack that makes them
work |
| |
display, a tiny lightbulb keeps it
working |
| |
the vintage 74181 ALU chip: how it
works |
and why it's so strange
| |
"Hello
world" |
in the BCPL language on the Xerox Alto simulator
| |
555 timer teardown: inside the
world's |
most popular IC
| |
The printer that
wouldn't |
print: Fixing an IBM 1401 mainframe from the 1960s
| |
A 1970s disk drive that
wouldn't |
seek: getting our Xerox Alto running again
| |
Software
woven |
into wire: Core rope and the Apollo Guidance Computer
| |
drive that wouldn't seek: getting our
Xerox |
Alto running again
| |
Bitcoin mining on a vintage
Xerox |
Alto: very slow at 1.5 hashes/second
| |
the Ethernet board from a vintage
Xerox |
Alto
| |
world" in the BCPL language on the
Xerox |
Alto simulator
| |
Improvements to the
Xerox |
Alto Mandelbrot drop runtime from 1 hour to 9 minutes
| |
Inside the vintage
Xerox |
Alto's display, a tiny lightbulb keeps it working
| |
Creating a fractal on the vintage
Xerox |
Alto
| |
Restoring a vintage
Xerox |
Alto day 8: it boots!
| |
Restoring a
Xerox |
Alto day 7: experiments with disk and Ethernet emulators
| |
Y Combinator's
Xerox |
Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer
| |
Restoring Y Combinator's
Xerox |
Alto, day 1: Power supplies and disk interface
| |
Restoring Y Combinator's
Xerox |
Alto, day 2: Repairing the display
| |
Restoring Y Combinator's
Xerox |
Alto, day 3: Inside the disk drive
| |
Restoring Y Combinator's
Xerox |
Alto, day 4: What's running on the system
| |
Restoring YCombinator's
Xerox |
Alto day 5: Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer
| |
Restoring YCombinator's
Xerox |
Alto day 6: Fixed a chip, data read from disk
| |
Restoring YC's
Xerox |
Alto day 10: New boards, running programs, mouse problems
| |
Restoring YC's
Xerox |
Alto day 9: tracing a crash through software and hardware
| |
Restoring YC's
Xerox |
Alto: how our boot disk was trashed with random data
| |
Simulating a
Xerox |
Alto with the ContrAlto simulator: games and Smalltalk
| |
Steve Jobs, the
Xerox |
Alto, and computer typography
| |
The
Xerox |
Alto, Smalltalk, and rewriting a running GUI
| |
Xerox |
Alto zero-day: cracking disk password protection on a 45 year old system
| |
Xerox |
Alto's 3 Mb/s Ethernet: Building a gateway with a BeagleBone
| |
Y |
Combinator's Xerox Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer
| |
Restoring
Y |
Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 1: Power supplies and disk interface
| |
Restoring
Y |
Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 2: Repairing the display
| |
Restoring
Y |
Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 3: Inside the disk drive
| |
Restoring
Y |
Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 4: What's running on the system
| |
Restoring
YC's |
Xerox Alto day 10: New boards, running programs, mouse problems
| |
Restoring
YC's |
Xerox Alto day 9: tracing a crash through software and hardware
| |
Restoring
YC's |
Xerox Alto: how our boot disk was trashed with random data
| |
Restoring
YCombinator's |
Xerox Alto day 5: Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer
| |
Restoring
YCombinator's |
Xerox Alto day 6: Fixed a chip, data read from disk
| |
disk password protection on a 45
year |
old system
| |
Reliable after 50
years: |
The Apollo Guidance Computer's switching power supplies -
| |
revolutionary 8008 microprocessor, 45
years |
old
| |
of the IBM System/360 mainframes, 55
years |
old
| |
I added 6 characters to Unicode (and
you |
can too)
| |
sequencing, compared with the
Z-80 |
and 6502
| |
Xerox Alto
zero-day: |
cracking disk password protection on a 45 year old system
| |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Other info follows
Input file = C:\PRIV\0KWIC\KWIC.txt
Date processed 11-01-2019
Time processed 07:47:28
May need hand editing to handle false key words such as zzzzzzzz
** a limitation, | assumes start of link, terminates search for key words
*** start text input
555 timer teardown: inside the world's most popular IC |
http://www.righto.com/2016/02/555-timer-teardown-inside-worlds-most.html
1950's tax preparation: plugboard programming with an IBM 403 Accounting Machine |
http://www.righto.com/2017/04/1950s-tax-preparation-plugboard.html
A 1970s disk drive that wouldn't seek: getting our Xerox Alto running again |
http://www.righto.com/2018/03/a-1970s-disk-drive-that-wouldnt-seek.html
A dozen USB chargers in the lab: Apple is very good, but not quite the best |
http://www.righto.com/2012/10/a-dozen-usb-chargers-in-lab-apple-is.html
A look at IBM S/360 core memory: In the 1960s, 128 kilobytes weighed 610 pounds |
http://www.righto.com/2019/04/
A Multi-Protocol Infrared Remote Library for the Arduino |
http://www.righto.com/2009/08/multi-protocol-infrared-remote-library.html
A visit to the Large Scale Systems Museum , New Kensington, PA - |
http://www.righto.com/2019/10/a-visit-to-large-scale-systems-museum.html
A computer built from NOR gates: inside the Apollo Guidance Computer - |
http://www.righto.com/2019/09/a-computer-built-from-nor-gates-inside.html
Accounting machines, the IBM 1403, and why printers standardized on 132 columns |
http://www.righto.com/2019/01/accounting-machines-ibm-1403-and-why.html
An 8-tube module from a 1954 IBM mainframe examined: it's a key debouncer |
http://www.righto.com/2018/01/examining-1954-ibm-mainframes-pluggable.html
Analyzing the vintage 8008 processor from die photos: its unusual counters |
http://www.righto.com/2017/03/analyzing-vintage-8008-processor-from.html
Apollo Guidance Computer: Dipstiks and reverse engineering the core rope simulator - |
http://www.righto.com/2019/07/apollo-guidance-computer-dipstiks-and.html
Bitcoin mining on a vintage Xerox Alto: very slow at 1.5 hashes/second |
http://www.righto.com/2017/07/bitcoin-mining-on-vintage-xerox-alto.html
Bad relay: Fixing the card reader for a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe |
http://www.righto.com/2018/09/bad-relay-fixing-card-reader-for.html
Bitcoin mining on an Apollo Guidance Computer: 10.3 seconds per hash |
http://www.righto.com/2019/07/bitcoin-mining-on-apollo-guidance.html
Conditional instructions in the ARM1 processor, reverse engineered |
http://www.righto.com/2016/01/conditional-instructions-in-arm1.html
Counterfeit Macbook charger teardown: convincing outside but dangerous inside |
http://www.righto.com/2016/03/counterfeit-macbook-charger-teardown.html
Counting bits in hardware: reverse engineering the silicon in the ARM1 processor |
http://www.righto.com/2016/01/counting-bits-in-hardware-reverse.html
Creating a Christmas card on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe |
http://www.righto.com/2017/12/creating-christmas-card-on-vintage-ibm_7.html
Decoding an air conditioner control's checksum with differential cryptanalysis |
http://www.righto.com/2017/12/decoding-air-conditioner-controls.html
Die photos and analysis of the revolutionary 8008 microprocessor, 45 years old |
http://www.righto.com/2016/12/die-photos-and-analysis-of_24.html
Examining a vintage RAM chip, I find a counterfeit with an entirely different die inside |
http://www.righto.com/2017/08/inside-fake-ram-chip-i-found-something.html
Fixing the Ethernet board from a vintage Xerox Alto |
http://www.righto.com/2017/11/fixing-ethernet-board-from-vintage.html
Glowing mercury thyratrons: inside a 1940s Teletype switching power supply |
http://www.righto.com/2018/09/glowing-mercury-thyratrons-inside-1940s.html
Hammer time: fixing the printer on a vintage IBM 1401 mainframe |
http://www.righto.com/2018/12/hammer-time-fixing-printer-on-vintage.html
"Hello world" in the BCPL language on the Xerox Alto simulator |
http://www.righto.com/2016/06/hello-world-in-bcpl-language-on-xerox.html
Hands-on with the PocketBeagle: a $25 Linux computer with lots of I/O pins |
http://www.righto.com/2017/12/hands-on-with-pocketbeagle-tiny-25.html
How I added 6 characters to Unicode (and you can too) |
http://www.righto.com/2016/10/inspired-by-hn-comment-four-half-star.html
How "special register groups" invaded computer dictionaries for decades |
http://www.righto.com/2019/10/how-special-register-groups-invaded.html
How to run C programs on the BeagleBone's PRU microcontrollers |
http://www.righto.com/2016/09/how-to-run-c-programs-on-beaglebones.html
IBM mainframe tube module part II: Powering up and using a 1950s key debouncer |
http://www.righto.com/2018/01/ibm-mainframe-tube-module-part-ii.html
Iconic consoles of the IBM System/360 mainframes, 55 years old |
http://www.righto.com/2019/04/iconic-consoles-of-ibm-system360.html
Identifying the "Early IBM Computer" in a Twitter photo: a 405 Accounting Machine |
http://www.righto.com/2017/11/identifying-early-ibm-computer-in.html
Implementing FizzBuzz on an FPGA |
http://www.righto.com/2018/03/implementing-fizzbuzz-on-fpga.html
Improvements to the Xerox Alto Mandelbrot drop runtime from 1 hour to 9 minutes |
http://www.righto.com/2017/06/improvements-to-xerox-alto-mandelbrot.html
Inside card sorters: 1920s data processing with punched cards and relays |
http://www.righto.com/2016/05/inside-card-sorters-1920s-data.html
Inside a RFID race timing chip: die photos of the Monza R6 |
http://www.righto.com/2016/10/inside-rfid-race-timing-chip-die-photos.html
Inside Intel's first product: the 3101 RAM chip held just 64 bits |
http://www.righto.com/2017/07/inside-intels-first-product-3101-ram.html
Inside the 74181 ALU chip: die photos and reverse engineering |
http://www.righto.com/2017/01/die-photos-and-reverse-engineering.html
Inside the Apollo Guidance Computer's core memory |
http://www.righto.com/2019/01/
Inside the 76477 Space Invaders sound effect chip: digital logic implemented with I2L |
http://www.righto.com/2018/05/inside-76477-space-invaders-sound.html
Inside the die of Intel's 8087 coprocessor chip, root of modern floating point |
http://www.righto.com/2018/08/inside-die-of-intels-8087-coprocessor.html
Inside the tiny RFID chip that runs San Francisco's "Bay to Breakers" race |
http://www.righto.com/2016/06/inside-tiny-rfid-chip-that-runs-san.html
Inside the vintage Xerox Alto's display, a tiny lightbulb keeps it working |
http://www.righto.com/2017/10/inside-vintage-xerox-altos-display-tiny.html
Inside the vintage 74181 ALU chip: how it works and why it's so strange |
http://www.righto.com/2017/03/inside-vintage-74181-alu-chip-how-it.html
Lacking safety features, cheap MacBook chargers create big sparks |
http://www.righto.com/2016/09/why-you-shouldnt-use-cheap-macbook.html
Looking inside a 1970s PROM chip that stores data in microscopic fuses - |
http://www.righto.com/2019/07/looking-inside-1970s-prom-chip-that.html
Macbook charger teardown: The surprising complexity inside Apple's power adapter |
http://www.righto.com/2015/11/macbook-charger-teardown-surprising.html
More ARM1 processor reverse engineering: the priority encoder |
http://www.righto.com/2016/01/more-arm1-processor-reverse-engineering.html
One-hour Mandelbrot: Creating a fractal on the vintage Xerox Alto |
http://www.righto.com/2017/06/one-hour-mandelbrot-creating-fractal-on.html
Op amp on the Moon: Reverse-engineering a hybrid op amp module |
http://www.righto.com/2019/02/
PRU tips: Understanding the BeagleBone's built-in microcontrollers |
http://www.righto.com/2016/08/pru-tips-understanding-beaglebones.html
Reading a VGA monitor's configuration data with I2C and a PocketBeagle |
http://www.righto.com/2018/03/reading-vga-monitors-configuration-data.html
Repairing a 1960s mainframe: Fixing the IBM 1401's core memory and power supply |
http://www.righto.com/2017/12/repairing-1960s-mainframe-fixing-ibm.html
Risky line printer music on a vintage IBM mainframe - |
http://www.righto.com/2019/09/risky-line-printer-music-on-vintage-ibm.html
Reverse-engineering precision op amps from a 1969 analog computer - |
http://www.righto.com/2019/09/reverse-engineering-precision-op-amps.html
Reverse engineering the 76477 "Space Invaders" sound effect chip from die photos |
http://www.righto.com/2017/04/reverse-engineering-76477-space.html
Reverse engineering ARM1 instruction sequencing, compared with the Z-80 and 6502 |
http://www.righto.com/2016/02/reverse-engineering-arm1-instruction.html
Reverse engineering the ARM1 processor's microinstructions |
http://www.righto.com/2016/02/reverse-engineering-arm1-processors.html
Reverse engineering the popular 555 timer chip (CMOS version) |
http://www.righto.com/2016/04/teardown-of-cmos-555-timer-chip-how.html
Reverse-engineering the surprisingly advanced ALU of the 8008 microprocessor |
http://www.righto.com/2017/02/reverse-engineering-surprisingly.html
Reliable after 50 years: The Apollo Guidance Computer's switching power supplies - |
http://www.righto.com/2019/08/reliable-after-50-years-apollo-guidance.html
Repairing a 1960s-era IBM keypunch: controlled by mechanical tabs and bars |
http://www.righto.com/2017/12/repairing-1960s-era-ibm-keypunch.html
Repairing the card reader for a 1960s mainframe: cams, relays and a clutch |
http://www.righto.com/2018/02/repairing-card-reader-for-1960s.html
Restoring a vintage Xerox Alto day 8: it boots! |
http://www.righto.com/2016/09/restoring-ycs-xerox-alto-day-8-it-boots.html
Restoring a Xerox Alto day 7: experiments with disk and Ethernet emulators |
http://www.righto.com/2016/09/restoring-ycs-xerox-alto-day-7.html
Y Combinator's Xerox Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer |
http://www.righto.com/2016/06/y-combinators-xerox-alto-restoring.html
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 1: Power supplies and disk interface |
http://www.righto.com/2016/06/restoring-y-combinators-xerox-alto-day.html
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 2: Repairing the display |
http://www.righto.com/2016/07/restoring-y-combinators-xerox-alto-day.html
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 3: Inside the disk drive |
http://www.righto.com/2016/07/restoring-y-combinators-xerox-alto-day_11.html
Restoring Y Combinator's Xerox Alto, day 4: What's running on the system |
http://www.righto.com/2016/07/restoring-y-combinators-xerox-alto-day_31.html
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox Alto day 5: Microcode tracing with a logic analyzer |
http://www.righto.com/2016/09/xerox-alto-restoration-day-5-smoke-and.html
Restoring YCombinator's Xerox Alto day 6: Fixed a chip, data read from disk |
http://www.righto.com/2016/09/restoring-ycombinators-xerox-alto-day-6.html
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto day 10: New boards, running programs, mouse problems |
http://www.righto.com/2016/10/restoring-ycs-xerox-alto-day-10-new.html
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto day 9: tracing a crash through software and hardware |
http://www.righto.com/2016/10/restoring-ycs-xerox-alto-day-9-tracing.html
Restoring YC's Xerox Alto: how our boot disk was trashed with random data |
http://www.righto.com/2016/09/restoring-ycs-xerox-alto-how-our-boot.html
Silicon die analysis: inside an op amp with interesting "butterfly" transistors |
http://www.righto.com/2018/06/silicon-die-analysis-op-amp-with.html
Simulating a Xerox Alto with the ContrAlto simulator: games and Smalltalk |
http://www.righto.com/2016/10/simulating-xerox-alto-with-contralto.html
Software woven into wire: Core rope and the Apollo Guidance Computer |
http://www.righto.com/2019/07/software-woven-into-wire-core-rope-and.html
Sonicare toothbrush teardown: microcontroller, H bridge, and inductive charging |
http://www.righto.com/2016/09/sonicare-toothbrush-teardown.html
Steve Jobs, the Xerox Alto, and computer typography |
http://www.righto.com/2017/10/the-xerox-alto-steve-jobs-and-computer.html
Superbeta transistors inside: Die photos and analysis of the LM108 op amp |
http://www.righto.com/2016/12/inside-lm108-op-amp-superbeta.html
Teardown and exploration of Apple's Magsafe connector |
http://www.righto.com/2013/06/teardown-and-exploration-of-magsafe.html
The ARM1 processor's flags, reverse engineered |
http://www.righto.com/2016/02/the-arm1-processors-flags-reverse.html
The BeagleBone's I/O pins: inside the software stack that makes them work |
http://www.righto.com/2016/08/the-beaglebones-io-pins-inside-software.html
The printer that wouldn't print: Fixing an IBM 1401 mainframe from the 1960s |
http://www.righto.com/2018/09/the-printer-that-wouldnt-print-fixing.html
The Xerox Alto, Smalltalk, and rewriting a running GUI |
http://www.righto.com/2017/10/the-xerox-alto-smalltalk-and-rewriting.html
Two bits per transistor: high-density ROM in Intel's 8087 floating point chip |
http://www.righto.com/2018/09/two-bits-per-transistor-high-density.html
Using an FPGA to generate raw VGA video:FizzBuzz with animation |
http://www.righto.com/2018/04/fizzbuzz-hard-way-generating-vga-video.html
Xerox Alto zero-day: cracking disk password protection on a 45 year old system |
http://www.righto.com/2018/01/xerox-alto-zero-day-cracking-disk.html
Xerox Alto's 3 Mb/s Ethernet: Building a gateway with a BeagleBone |
http://www.righto.com/2018/01/xerox-altos-3-mbs-ethernet-building.html
*** end text input
Start printing words excluded from KWIC keys
A , AN, AND , AT, BE , BEST, BUT, FOR, FROM, GOOD,
I, IN, IS, NOT, OF, ON, S, T, THAT , THE ,
TO , VERY,