The following is a list of team members, with links to their listings
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WWAM, World Wide
Accounting Machine Karl Ganzhorn Papo, Maurice | IBM 1401 teams
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Related web pages -
A constraint on the 1401 system design - "solid state in '58" dictate prevented the 1401 system from using tubes.
"Dawn of a New Era" |
Shel Jacobs with 1401 chassis mockups (note the odd 1401 lights panel) used for the initial announcement pics -- (ironically taken at sunset, on the hill above Endicott plant.)
Shel says: "This was one of several location alternatives considered for the announcement video. We were moving the boxes between buildings. It was considered as part of the theme, "Dawn of a New Era". I still remember a comment made by one of the movers - "I'm glad there isn't a lake nearby, we'd be trying to put these things into rowboats.". The video was shot over a 3 day sleepless weekend. |
From Jud McCarthy
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Ahearn, George R - george dot ahearn at comcast dot net
Bloom, Earl
I had nothing to do directly with the 1403 printer mechanisms but with the printer electronic controls including the Universal Character Set electronics for which I got an Outstanding Contribution Award. I also designed the controls for the 1404 Bill Feed and have patents on that and the UCS. I was responsible for other printer control concepts and designs including the tapeless carriage control concepts, numeric print feature controls, Selective Tape Lister controls, etc.
In addition, I helped design the Multiply/Divide and Process Overlap for the 1401 as well as some of the power sequencing controls. I had the pleasure of demonstrating the 1401 system at the Banco de Roma in Rome and Milan in June of 1960 with Mason Cunningham and Bill Jones.
Subsequently, John Haanstra our Division President, myself, Cliff Martin and another individual whose name I can't remember, together architected the 1401 Model G with a concept of Cycle Interleaving. I was given responsibility as only a Senior Associate Engineer to technically manage the overall development and scheduling for the 1401 G and we shipped it ahead of schedule because Haanstra gave me the exact individuals to do the job that I had asked for by name.
Those were the days when you could develop products expeditiously because upper management was actively involved in a supportive manner to ensure you got what you needed to do so.
Branscomb, Chuck - cebrans (at) nc dot rr dot com
I left the 1401 in Nov, 1960 to become AA to GPD Division President. Then went to San Jose lab as System Manager, Control
Systems, in August, 1961. Back to New York in March, 1963 to join staff of Group Executive who had several development
divisions ? including most involved in System 360 program.
I became Director of Computer Assisted Instruction in September, 1964 and then President of Systems Development Division
from March, 1966 to September, 1969 when I became Asst. Group Executive. In 1971 joined the Corporate Technical Committee
and in 1973 named IBM Director of Engineering, Programming, and Technology.
One day I received a call from his office saying Mr. Watson would like me to join him at his home for dinner. There were about ten of us (maybe more) from the technical side of IBM there, had a pleasant evening [January 7th 1974] and then Tom had a Hollerith model for each of us brought into the room. I?m surprised that I don?t remember just who was there but I believe Jack Bertram, John Gibson, Eric Bloch, Bob Evans, and Jerry Haddad were included. Tom said he wanted to make sure we understood how much he appreciated everything we did for IBM (of course he said this much more elegantly).
Spent approx. 7 years in GSD managing Development and Manufacturing before returning to New York in 1981, and then in 1983 to Raleigh, NC (back home) responsible for Telecommunication Systems. Retired in June, 1986.
his career with IBM,
An oral history 2009
He was named distinguished engineering alumnus of North Carolina State University (NCSU) in 1978 and, after retiring from IBM, spent more than a dozen years of heavy volunteering at NCSU with two adjunct appointments in the College of Engineering. He was awarded the Watauga Medal which is the highest recognition NCSU gives their volunteers.
p.s. ... I had an extremely enjoyable second career at NCSU which I have summarized briefly. ...
Joined IBM in August, 1950 after getting my BS & MS degrees in Mechanical Engineering from N.C. State.
After 4 months in engineering training program, assigned to new accounting machine development ? Transcriber. Later terminated because of complex mechanisms required and limited printer speed.
Assigned to Larry Wilson?s team focused on new technology and products to handle punched cards. Larry was a statistician who joined IBM from the census bureau to build a special card "sorter". He was very creative and has a great "feel" for good design ? he always said that when you get the right design, it will be simple, easy to build, low cost and reliable. He became not only my boss but my mentor. Much new technology and many products came from his team.
Early 1957 assigned as manager of accounting machines. WWAM program underway in European Labs. After assessment of WWAM, turned attention to what became the 1401. Directed develop[ment of 1401 from the time there three people on program until it was in production.
November, 1960, named Administrative Assistant to division President.
August, 1961, named Systems Manager of Control Systems in San Jose Lab.
February, 1963, assigned to Group Staff reporting to John Opel (who later became President of IBM). We served Group Executive Vin Learson who had several development divisions most of which were focused upon Sys. 360 developments.
September, 1964, Named Director of Computer Assisted Instruction. Put out IBM 1500 (small computer with 10 student station capability) for use by researchers in CAI. IBM had about 150 people working on CAI and established research activity with about 8 major universities.
March, 1966, Named President of Systems Development Division with eight US labs and six European labs. Many challenges in System 360 hardware and software as well as the Time Sharing System (TSS).
September, 1969, named Asst. Group Executive.
1971, named member of Corporate Technical Committee. Great change of pace since we spent all our time looking into the future ? technologies (hardware and software), systems, sub-systems, and applications.
1973, named IBM Director of Engineering, Programming, and Technology.
1974, named VP of Development and Manufacturing in General Systems Division (located in Atlanta, Ga). This integrated division re-established IBM?s leadership in small to medium systems ? Sys. 32, Sys 34, Sys. 36, Sys. 38 (later with enhancements became A/S 400), Series 1, and finally the IBM PC just before it was reorganized back into other divisions.
1981, named Asst. Group Executive (back in New York).
1983, named VP, Telecommunication Systems in Communications Product Division (Finally back home in North Carolina). Named Corporate VP of IBM.
June, 1986, retired from IBM after 36 years. Actually continued essentially full time consulting for three years after I retired ? much of the time in the PC area.
e-mail April 19, 2013 - our $2500/mo target for the base 1401 system.
Of course, Fran's experience was with customers in the 1950's when they had
088 Collators, 083 Sorters, 514 Reproducers, 402/407 Accounting Machines,
and many a 604 Calculator.
Market planning had some of this kind of information from the WWAM studies but my
recollection is that it was not specific enough to profile "typical" installations.
After Shel came on board, he proceeded over a period of time to get much better
profile information for both equipment and applications that supported $2500/mo
as a very good target for the entry system. The large unit record installations
had installed 650's and/or 705's and were not our prime focus.
I would also emphasize again that, in addition to the monthly rental, simplicity
and ease of use was an extremely important focus since almost none of the thousands
of unit record users had any experience with stored program computing. I should
also note that many installations had a lot of printing - well beyond the feeds
and speeds of the punched card machines - so the 600 line per minute 1403 was
extremely attractive.
Since most of the above represents merely my recollections, I suspect it is not
too helpful in providing the "facts" that supported the target rental.
Chuck
50th Anniversary, CHM
Gene Darrow - Darrowehdeld@aol.com
John Drejza info from Gene Darrow
Ingram, Jim - jim-i (at) att dot net
I joined IBM in 1952 in the Chicago Downtown sales office. I moved to Endicott in the Fall of 1957 as a planner in the Glendale Lab. Shortly thereafter, I was assigned to an advanced accounting machine project. It evolved into the SPACE program, Stored Program Accounting and Calculating Equipment, which was announced October 5, 1959.
Robert,
I visited many accounts and focused on those that were running out of capability to keep up with the demands of their unit record equipment and were faced with adding another tabulator. These accounts usually had 3 403s or 2 407s with summary punches and a single calculator - either a 602A or a 604. The 403s were in the range of 500 points and the 407s were about 800 points. I don't remember the points of the punches or calculators but the installations started in the 2000 to 2200 point realm. The target of $2500 was a more attractive alternative to adding another tabulator since it took up less space, offered faster card reading and printing. It also had the potential of requiring fewer operators. The target also considered the competitive alternatives. I can't recall what was already announced there were some heavy hitters trying to get into the market. I remember Remington Rand, GE, and RCA.
I made extensive use of our account profile inventory lists. I could find out how many accounts we had by the number of tabulators and calculators. I was able to identify market potentials by installation point size. I used this data to create a planning estimate of the of the forecast which was the basis I used in challenging the low pre-announcement forecast.
I'm sorry I can't be more specific but too many years have gone by.
Shel
Don Manning w photos - dmanning8 at stny dot rr dot com
McCarthy, Justin - jhmccarthy -at- aol dot com ; mccarthy -at- killcb dot com -
Justin McCarthy
has made a
1401 Family - Development, Product Engineering and Support Teams chart converted from XCELL,
(updated Dec 14, 2009)
Mokotoff, Gary - gary at mokotoff dot net ,
The group was broken up in 1961 or 1962. I went to an IBM think-tank type group and was drafted into the Army in January 1963. After completing basic training at Fort Dix, New Jersey, I was assigned to the data processing department at Fort Dix where I remained for the duration of my Army carreer. They had IBM 407 accounting machines with plans to install a Univac 1101. The 1101 was a disaster. I realized that technically it was not a computer because it could not simulate a Turing machine. When they heard I had 1401 experience, they cancelled the Univac and ordered the 1401. I wrote most of the programs for the base (lots of interesting stories; made SP-5 in two years).
I don?t ever recall programming for a disc 1401 but did use card and tape systems.
A milestone for me "Exactly 50 years ago today?June 29, 1959?I joined IBM as a ..."
During an e-mail exchange amongst many folks, about IBM card usage -
Gary wrote:
Do you know how they buried Tom Watson Sr.?
MAURICE PAPO Education Dr. Maurice Papo graduated in France from "Ecole Polytechnique" and "Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications". He also holds shorter course degrees from Brookings Institute Washington, INSEAD-Stanford, and Centre des Hautes Etudes de l'Armement IBM He worked 35 years in IBM executive positions in France, Europe and the USA, primarily R&D Director, but also World Director for Standards, World Director of Product Line, Director of Commercial Relations, Industry Relations and Patents, and chief Scientist. He established and managed a new IBM R&D Laboratory in La Gaude, France. Most of his R&D work has been in the fields of Computers and Telecommunications in which he has held a significant number of international patents. He has participated in most IBM strategic and organizational studies involving its multinational evolution. After retiring from IBM he worked as independent senior consultant. He has been very active in the Executive Boards of National Engineering Societies, has founded and chaired several National Engineering Societies, was Vice Chairman of the European Industrial Research Management Association, and member of several Universities Scientific Advisory Boards. IEEE Vice-President Regional Activities (Member of the Board of Directors and Executive Committee) Chair of RAB Nominations & Appointments Committee Chair IEEE Nominations & Appointments Committee Chair of the President's Consult Group IEEE Secretary (Member of the Board of Directors and Executive Committee) Member at Large Education Activities Board Member at Large Publication Activities Board Director Region 8 (Europe, Africa, Middle-East) Chair France Section Awards IBM Outstanding Invention Award IEEE Fellow1987 IEEE Millenium Medal IEEE 2000 Larry Wilson Transnational Award IEEE Haraden Pratt Medal "Officer" grade in the French Legion of Honneur for outstanding services to the Nation "Commandeur" grade in the French "Ordre National du Merite "Commandeur" grade in the French "Palmes Academiques" for outstanding services to the National Education) "Knight" grade in the Monaco "Saint Charles" Order
Short Form
Mr. Papo graduated in France from "Ecole Polytechnique" and
"Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications", as well as from the
"INSEAD" in Fontainebleau and the Brookings Institute in Washington. He joined IBM in 1954 and worked 35 years in executive R&D positions on both sides of the Atlantic ocean, with responsibilities in France, Europe and the USA, including the setting-up and management of the IBM France R&D Laboratory in La Gaude near Nice. He has also occupied international IBM position in the management of Product Line, Marketing and Standards. Most of his R&D work has been in the field of Computers and Communications in which he has held more than 75 international patents. He has now retired from IBM and is working as an independent consultant. He has been frequently retained in Monaco where he has consulted for the Princess Grace Hospital, the Police, and the Palace of HSH Rainier III. He has been very active in the Executive Boards of National Engineering Societies, has founded and chaired several Regional Engineering Societies, and was Vice-Chairman of the European Industrial Research Management Association. He has also been a member of several Universities Scientific Advisory Boards. He was Vice President Regional Activities and member of the Board of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.
Pokoski, John - johnpokoskiatcomcastdotnet
Stanley Smillie - by Gary Mokotoff
He was a genius. He discovered the seven-character Store B Register command on the 1401. The command was undocumented until he recognized the value of this instruction. He was a master at using the chaining feature of the 1401, that is, issuing computer instructions with missing operands and taking advantage of the contents of the A- and B-register values left by the previous instruction. Anyone who reads the coding of the Arith phases of FORTRAN II will see his craftsmanship.
When he got out of the Air Force in 1967, he was contacted by Gary Mokotoff, whom he met in the 1401 group. Gary was in the process of leaving IBM to form a software company. In 1968 the two started Data Usage Corp for the purpose of developing systems software for the IBM System 360 Model 20. Their only product was Documatic, a program that documented programs written in RPG. It converted RPG programs to English-language documentation. ...
In 1987, Stan was diagnosed with lung cancer (he was a non-smoker but his father died of cancer at a young age) and he died in May 1988 at the age of 46.
Swanson, Jan - died 2010 - jsbarris at aol dot com
EDUCATION: BS - Syracuse University - Business Administration - Marketing 1956 to 1979 C INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES Responsibilities ranged from one-on-one customer service (systems engineering) and training of such customers as Eastman Kodak and Bausch and Lomb to product planning and development of major IBM systems starting with the 1401 and ending with the System 38.
Underwood, Fran - Born 6/16/1926 - Died 9/25/2011
In 1956, he joined Endicott's Advanced Systems Development Department (ASDD) and in 1957 was asked to jump-start IBM's transistorized accounting machine development. In early 1958, based on his Stored-Program Accounting and Calculating Equipment (SPACE) design, he became chief architect of the IBM 1401, announced in October 1959 and one of IBM's most successful and early transistorized products. He transferred to the San Jose lab in 1961 to co-develop the IBM 1800 process control computer and then, in the Instructional Systems Development Department (ISDD), an audio/visual instructional terminal with a forerunner to the floppy disk.
In 1972, after two years out of IBM at a startup firm, he returned to San Jose to coordinate engineering development of the IBM 3800 laser Printer.
Francis retired from IBM in 1980 to start an engineering consulting firm designing tools and machines for small manufacturing businesses and metal recovery plants. In 1988 he joined an international firm designing ski lifts for 15 years. Fran was an avid Stearman aerobatic biplane pilot, a watercolor artist and holds six US IBM patents.
Wertheim, John - amenschw at aol dot com
In 1961, I transferred to Endicott, working, first, for Jim Frame, and, later, for Earl Wheeler on IBM 360 software. I managed the programming efforts for BPS, BOS, and later for TOS and DOS operating systems.
I'll fill in more data later. I retired in 1989.
I treasure the memories of our days working together, and I never could understand why IBM paid me to have such fun - those truly are the good old days.
Software chart and offices
Preliminary - swak at prodigy dot net
From Tom Watson Jr.
"1401 Program Manager"
Charles Branscomb's career at IBM spanned 39 years, where he developed and managed several successful IBM products, including the IBM 1401 data processing system, enterprise systems (System/360) and several mid-range systems. Charles joined IBM in the Endicott, NY lab in August 1950 to design punched card handling and unit record products. In 1957 he became Area Manager for accounting machines and directed the development of the IBM 1401. After various executive staff positions, in 1964 he became Director of Computer Assisted Instruction and in 1966, President of the Systems Development Division with eight US labs and six European labs, managing delivery and expansion of the System/360 product line. In 1971 he joined the Corporate Technical Committee investigating future technologies; in 1973 became Director of Engineering, Programming, and Technology; and in 1974 became VP Development and Manufacturing of the General Systems Division in Atlanta, responsible for Systems 32, 34, 38, Series 1, and the IBM PC. In 1983 he became VP of Telecommunication Systems in Communications Product Division in Raleigh. After his retirement in 1986, he consulted full-time to IBM for 3 additional years and then spent more than a dozen years volunteering at North Carolina State University with two adjunct appointments in its College of Engineering. Charles received a MSME from North Carolina State University in 1950.
added July 2009
IBM Career
Charles E. Branscomb
Robert
Since I did not retain any of my 1401 development note or correspondence, I cannot give
you specific "facts" to support our $2500/mo target for the base 1401 system.
My recollection is that the target was initially suggested by Fran from his experience
with unit record customer installations. I used my own experience from the MRU Army
installation where I worked. Following is the approximate profile of our office:
3 024 Keypunches, 2 085 Collators, 2 512 Reproducers, 1 Interpreter( do not know #),
3 080 Sorters, 2 405 accounting machines. I do not know the rental value of any of
these machines but I felt in 1957 that a 1401 base system starting at $2500 would be
very attractive for this installation. Our prime application was processing
"morning reports" from all units in Korea each day and producing an updated data base
on the 36,000 GI's in Korea each morning. When I first joined the unit, they were
operating most of three shifts to achieve this result. My thought process attempted
to focus on the customer's installation and applications rather than just the hardware
(and plugboards).
Charles Branscomb starts 13 minutes in :-))
(H) (607)-748-7102
(C) (607)-239-1050
"Bob was responsible for the 1403 hydraulic carriage in the product engineering phase of the program. I told
him about [your] hydraulic oil problem."

Promotion
Resume 336 KB
1403 Hammer Report 1,000 KB
1401 Project Manager
Joined the Endicott, NY Lab of IBM in Feb, 1950 after obtaining an MSEE from Purdue. Worked on the IBM 650 Magnetic
Drum Data Processing Machine, from early development through early production stages, responsible for the magnetic
drum circuits. Also did several short term planning/circuit design assignments on ways for IBM to use electronics in other areas.
50th Anniversary, CHM

"1401 marketing lead"

"Dawn of a New Era"

2009
Sheldon Jacob's career at IBM spanned 38 years, where he was a Planning Manager for many successful midrange computing products. He joined IBM as a Sales Representative in the Chicago Downtown sales office in 1952 and moved to Endicott, NY in 1957 as a planner for the IBM 1401 Data Processing System, where he established preannouncement field case studies and classes and played a critical role developing a business case to support the 1401's announcement. In 1960, he took a Planning Manager position for midrange products in San Jose, including the early development of the 1401-compatible IBM 1440 Data Processing System. In 1962 he became a consultant in Corporate Marketing in Armonk, NY evaluating low-end products and outside proposals. In 1965, he returned to San Jose working on products for new markets. He then did various planning jobs for Direct Access Storage Devices (DASD), including the IBM 3340. In 1982, when IBM was hit with law suits by competitors, he was assigned as Litigation Support Manager in the General Products Division. He retired from IBM in 1990 and spends his time doing a variety of volunteer activities. Shel graduated from University of Illinois in 1952 with a BS in Accounting.
in April, 2013, there was considerable question about how the target rent or lease of the
upcoming 1401 was set at $2500. Chuck Branscom answered here and
Robert Garner as Shel this "
Shel --> Do you recall how the $2500 target was set? " below is
Shel Jacobs' answer."
Shel Jacobs starts 1 hour 30 minutes in :-))
The marvelous software [AutoCoder and FORTRAN] 1401 team that I led consisted of:
no photo of Don yet
preliminary, unofficial info
1403 - mod 1&2
1403 - mod 3
Got to thinking -- my cartridge may be a development prototype - I don't really know. A lot of my parts are various development pieces - never got released.
Then later many more back printers using a band instead of a chain or train.
I came into the 1403 design and development department in 1/1958. The 1403 was already well underway at that time. I got to assist with hammer unit, print quality, ribbon smudge, stacking, etc. evaluations/improvements prior to and during Product Test phase. The people involved were (as I remember):
After the 1403-1/2 was announced and primary control was shifted to Product Engineering (Jim Walsh, Gene Darrow, etc.) our group started on the 1403-3 in earnest. That is when I became the lead engineer on the 1403-3 hammer unit. Don Rose designed with me. Actually I designed and built the first train (it was a 3 array, 48 character set unit that I actually still have). Due to worries about ribbon fiber build up between the slugs we opted for monorail/chair style slugs that we actually used. The same managerial people were involved.
Justin sent the following, which is being parked here for safe keeping until further processing
In 1956 we all in Dept 280 (including Dick Case) were working on
the first units to incorporate transistors into new units that were
considered Unit Record (ie: 407) replacements. One was called PECU
(Print Edit Control Unit) and another was TAM (Transistor Accounting
Machine). In the workers eyes, Fran Underwood's SPACE (Stored
Programming Accounting Calculating Equipment) archetecture, and the
transister work on TAM folded together to become the 1401. This would
be better addressed by Fran, Jim Ingram, and Chuck Branscomb, as I was
so mired in the details that my perception may be some what off base.
Group Picture
I joined IBM in June 1959 and was assigned to the 1401 project. My first programming application was to write multiply and divide subroutines in machine language because multiply/divide hardware was an optional feature in the initial announcement of the 1401. I then wrote SPS-1 and then SPS-2. John Wertheim and I then wrote 1401 Autocoder and then a team of people wrote 1401 FORTRAN.
This dialogue reminds me of an old IBM joke:
Jack Palmer was manager of the 1401/1620 systems software effort in the early 1960s
He is also "John H. Palmer", co-author of "IBM's Early Computers" and "IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems" published by MIT Press.

Early Portrait

Recent Portrait
WWAM Logic, IBM Eng. Symposium ,
Paris Jan 9, 1957 - 900 K Bytes

1959

2009
IBM BACKGROUND
Stan Smillie only worked as a summer employee at IBM in 1960 and 1961. He was the author of the Arith phases of 1401 FORTRAN II. He graduated Bronx High School of Science in 1961.
full bio in HTML 20 KBytes, or WORD 857 KBytes.
The 1401 Reference Manual Story by Jan Swanson, 7 KBytes
Lead Writer
IBM 1401 Reference Manual
Passport
1967
Designer of the 1401
50th Anniversary, CHM
Fran starts 50 minutes in :-))
- Interview, June 25, 2008
- Career at IBM
- Memories and Practical Jokes
from Mitch Marcus
- other Talents, Hobbies
- Remembrances
- 2nd Bio for CHM
- 1401 - Design Philosophy
Francis Underwood's career at IBM spanned 30 years of design engineering, including chief architect of the IBM 1401 Data Processing System, co-designer of the IBM 1800 Data Acquisition and Control System, and co-inventor of the forerunner to the floppy disk. He began his IBM career in 1948 at the Endicott NY lab as a customer engineer, where his training included hands-on assembly of punched card accounting machines. He was promoted to a design engineer, teaching switching and logic design classes.
I joined IBM in 1957 in the Research Division and programmed the IBM 305 Ramac. In 1959 I transferred to Applied Programming in NYC, working for Arnie Wolf and Jack Palmer on 1401 programs, including, first, the Tape-to-Printer Utility, and then co-developing 1401 Autocoder with Gary Mokotoff.
DON MANNING
CONTRIBUTION
-MECH. ENG.
-HAMMER UNIT
-CHAIN AND TRAIN
-MAY HAVE SOME EARLY PARTS AND MANUALS
ROBERT GIBSON
CONTRIBUTION
-NOT DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE 1403 DEVELOPMENT
-HAS A GOOD MEMORY OF EVENTS AND WAS PRINTER PRODUCTS PLANNING MANAGER
FOLLOWING THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY OF THE 1403 PRINTER.
ROBERT GREAVES
CONTRIBUTION
-DURING THE EARLY 1403 DEVELOPMENT,HE WAS ASSISTANT TO THE LAB MGR.
-NO HANDS ON DEVELOPMENT EFFORT
JIM WALSH
CONTRIBUTION
-MECHANICAL ENGINEER- 3RD LEVEL PRODUCT ENGINEERING MGR. DURING A PORTION
OF THE 1403 PROGRAM.
TIM HAYES (SEE NOTE BELOW)
-TIM WAS A MECHANICAL ENGINEER ON THE PROGRAM.
FOR YOUR INFO,THE TWO KEY ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS ON THE PROGRAM ,
AS I REMEMBER WERE JAMES BARCOMB AND FRED SCHAAF.
BOTH OF THEM PASSED AWAY WITHIN THE PAST YEAR.

ProgSysEndicottOrg1963-.jpg

ProgSysEndicottFloor1961-.jpg